Giraffes are the tallest living animals in the world, according to the Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Baby giraffes are called calves. During birth, the calf will drop to the ground, since mother Just like human fingerprints and zebra stripes, the coat pattern of a giraffe is unique to that animal.Giraffes are the tallest land animal in the world. With a world population that is under 100,000, many conservationists say they are endangered. Mama giraffes give birth to live babies after 14 months of gestation. When a baby giraffe is born, it drops up to 6 feet to the ground and lands on its head.As in cattle, female giraffes are called cows, while the males are called bulls. After mating, the cow will have a gestation period of around 14 months. Baby giraffes are called calves. During birth, the calf will drop to the ground, since mother giraffes give birth standing up. What do you call the baby giraffe?What is a baby giraffe called? How tall is a newborn giraffe? Giraffe mothers are pregnant for 15 months, giving the embryo time to develop to such a large size, and when ready to come out, the baby comes front feet first, with the neck and head stretched out over the front knees in a sort of...The giraffe has the longest tail of any land mammal. Their tail can grow to be 8 feet (2.4 metres) long, including the tuft on the end. Exceptionally large males may weigh up to 1,900 kilograms (about 4,200 pounds). Female giraffes are smaller, rarely reaching half that weight.
Facts About Baby Giraffes | About the Author
A baby giraffe can weight 150 pounds and be 6 feet tall at birth. How tall is a Giraffe at birth?What type of mammal is a giraffe? The giraffe is an African even-toed ungulates and the world's tallest living terrestrial animal. Some other even-toed ungulates include, hippopotamuses, deer, goats, camels, cattle, antelopes and sheep. How many species of giraffe are there? A study published in...Posts encouraging the harassment of any individual, group, community, or subreddit will be removed, and the submitting user may be Do baby giraffes fall the 10 feet or however high off the ground your typical giraffe vagina is? not limited to giraffes. this is what i do for check in luggage too.Interesting Facts about Giraffe iraffe baby giraffe giraffe pictures giraffe birth giraffe facts pictures of giraffes heart giraffe at home giraffe head how tall is a giraffe how long is a giraffe's neck what is a 5 Amazing Giraffe Facts - Science on the Web #51. Stuff to Blow Your Mind - HowStuffWorks.
What's A Baby Giraffe Called?
It is black and it can be 17-21 ina long. It uses its tongue to grasp the leaves. Giraffes have a long neck. It takes up half the height of a giraffe. An average female giraffe weight is 1829 pounds. But males are heavier so they are 2645 pounds. Giraffe are really heavy because it eats a lot.Look at the picture. Посмотрите на картинку. You can see a giraffe standing in the grass. Вы можете видеть жирафа, стоящего в траве. Male giraffes can reach heights up to 5.5-6.1 m (about 1/3 of the length is its neck) and its weight ranges (9) from 900-1200 kg.Baby giraffe are the cutest thing you could see on the African savannah. While a famous giraffe keeps giving birth at Animal Adventure Park, there's so Amazingly, giraffe give birth standing up. The baby giraffe drops head first onto the ground from a height of almost two metres - how is that for an...⇒ So the weight of a baby giraffe is around 1600 - 2400 ounces. This site is using cookies under cookie policy. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser.Fill in the plural as in the example: i wonder who decides what sort of 1) animals... (animal) are kept in 2) ……… Read and complete is are lt...a book they... not ducksthey rubbers this...not my school who,,,she.
Jump to navigation Jump to search For other makes use of, see Giraffe (disambiguation).
GiraffeTemporal range: 11.61–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Miocene to Recent Masai giraffe (G. c. tippelskirchi) at the Mikumi National Park, Tanzania Conservation status Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: Giraffidae Genus: GiraffaBrisson, 1762 Type species Giraffa camelopardalisLinnaeus, 1758 Species
See Taxonomy
Range map of extant Giraffa subspeciesThe giraffe (Giraffa) is an African artiodactyl mammal, the tallest dwelling terrestrial animal and the largest ruminant. It is traditionally considered to be one species, Giraffa camelopardalis, with 9 subspecies. However, the life of up to nine extant giraffe species has been described, founded upon analysis into the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, as well as morphological measurements of Giraffa. Seven other species are extinct, prehistoric species known from fossils.
The giraffe's leader distinguishing traits are its extremely long neck and legs, its horn-like ossicones, and its unique coat patterns. It is categorized under the circle of relatives Giraffidae, at the side of its closest extant relative, the okapi. Its scattered vary extends from Chad in the north to South Africa in the south, and from Niger in the west to Somalia in the east. Giraffes usually inhabit savannahs and woodlands. Their food supply is leaves, end result and flora of woody vegetation, primarily acacia species, which they browse at heights most different herbivores can not succeed in.
Giraffes is also preyed on through lions, leopards, spotted hyenas and African wild canines. Giraffes live in herds of comparable females and their offspring, or bachelor herds of unrelated adult males, but are gregarious and may collect in massive aggregations. Males establish social hierarchies thru "necking", which are battle bouts the place the neck is used as a weapon. Dominant men achieve mating get right of entry to to females, which undergo the sole responsibility for raising the young.
The giraffe has intrigued various cultures, both historical and modern, for its ordinary look, and has incessantly been featured in paintings, books, and cartoons. It is categorized via the International Union for Conservation of Nature as prone to extinction, and has been extirpated from many portions of its former range. Giraffes are nonetheless present in numerous nationwide parks and sport reserves but estimates as of 2016 indicate that there are roughly 97,500 members of Giraffa in the wild. More than 1,Six hundred had been kept in zoos in 2010.
Etymology
The name "giraffe" has its earliest recognized origins in the Arabic word zarāfah (زرافة),[2] perhaps borrowed from the animal's Somali name geri.[3] The Arab identify is translated as "fast-walker".[4] In early Modern English the spellings jarraf and ziraph have been used, most probably without delay from the Arabic,[5] and in Middle English orafle and gyrfaunt, gerfaunt. The Italian variety giraffa arose in the 1590s. The modern English variety advanced round 1600 from the French girafe.[2]
"Camelopard" /kəˈmɛləˌpɑːrd/ is an archaic English name for the giraffe; it derives from the Ancient Greek καμηλοπάρδαλις (kamēlopárdalis), from κάμηλος (kámēlos), "camel", and πάρδαλις (párdalis), "leopard", referring to its camel-like shape and leopard-like colouration.[6][7]
Taxonomy
Living giraffes had been firstly categorised as one species via Carl Linnaeus in 1758. He gave it the binomial name Cervus camelopardalis. Morten Thrane Brünnich classified the genus Giraffa in 1762.[8] The species identify camelopardalis is from Latin.[9]
Evolution Ruminantia TragulinaTragulidae
PecoraAntilocapridae
Giraffidae
Cervidae
Bovidae
Moschidae
Cladogram in response to a 2003 find out about by means of Hassanin and Douzery.[10]The giraffe is one of only two dwelling genera of the family Giraffidae in the order Artiodactyla, the other being the okapi. The family used to be as soon as a lot more intensive, with over 10 fossil genera described. Their closest known kinfolk could have been the extinct deer-like climacocerids. They, along side the family Antilocapridae (whose simplest extant species is the pronghorn), have been placed in the superfamily Giraffoidea. These animals can have advanced from the extinct family Palaeomerycidae which may additionally were the ancestor of deer.[11]
The elongation of the neck seems to have began early in the giraffe lineage. Comparisons between giraffes and their ancient kin suggest that vertebrae with reference to the cranium lengthened previous, adopted via lengthening of vertebrae further down.[12] One early giraffid ancestor was Canthumeryx which has been dated variously to have lived 25–20 million years ago (mya), 17–15 mya or 18–14.3 mya and whose deposits have been present in Libya. This animal used to be medium-sized, slender and antelope-like. Giraffokeryx seemed 15 mya in the Indian subcontinent and resembled an okapi or a small giraffe, and had a longer neck and identical ossicones.[11]Giraffokeryx can have shared a clade with more massively built giraffids like Sivatherium and Bramatherium.[12]
Giraffids like Palaeotragus, Shansitherium and Samotherium gave the impression 14 mya and lived all through Africa and Eurasia. These animals had naked ossicones and small cranial sinuses and have been longer with broader skulls.[11][12]Paleotragus resembled the okapi and can have been its ancestor.[11] Others to find that the okapi lineage diverged earlier, before Giraffokeryx.[12]Samotherium was a in particular important transitional fossil in the giraffe lineage as its cervical vertebrae was once intermediate in period and construction between a fashionable giraffe and an okapi, and was extra vertical than the okapi's.[13]Bohlinia, which first gave the impression in southeastern Europe and lived 9–7 mya used to be most likely a direct ancestor of the giraffe. Bohlinia closely resembled trendy giraffes, having a lengthy neck and legs and identical ossicones and dentition.[11]
The extinct giraffid Samotherium (heart) compared to the okapi (underneath) and giraffe. The anatomy of Samotherium seems to have shown a transition to a giraffe-like neck.[13]Bohlinia entered China and northerly India based on climate trade. From there, the genus Giraffa evolved and, round 7 mya, entered Africa.[14] Further local weather adjustments led to the extinction of the Asian giraffes, while the African giraffes survived and radiated into a number of new species. Living giraffes seem to have arisen around 1 mya in jap Africa throughout the Pleistocene.[11] Some biologists suggest the fashionable giraffes descended from G. jumae;[15] others in finding G. gracilis a more likely candidate.[11]G. jumae was higher and more closely built whilst G. gracilis was once smaller and more evenly constructed. The major driving force for the evolution of the giraffes is believed to have been the changes from extensive forests to more open habitats, which began 8 mya.[11] During this time, tropical crops disappeared and were replaced by way of arid C4 crops, and a dry savannah emerged throughout japanese and northern Africa and western India.[16][17] Some researchers have hypothesised that this new habitat coupled with a different nutrition, including acacia species, could have exposed giraffe ancestors to toxins that brought about upper mutation rates and a upper rate of evolution.[18] The coat patterns of trendy giraffes might also have coincided with those habitat changes. Asian giraffes are hypothesised to have had extra okapi-like colourations.[11]
The giraffe genome is round 2.9 billion base pairs in period compared to the 3.3 billion base pairs of the okapi. Of the proteins in giraffe and okapi genes, 19.4% are similar. The two species are similarly distantly associated with livestock, suggesting the giraffe's distinctive characteristics don't seem to be because of sooner evolution. The divergence of giraffe and okapi lineages dates to round 11.Five mya. A small crew of regulatory genes in the giraffe appear to be answerable for the animal's stature and associated circulatory diversifications.[19]
Species and subspecies "Approximate geographic ranges, fur patterns, and phylogenetic relationships between some giraffe subspecies based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. Colored dots on the map represent sampling localities. The phylogenetic tree is a maximum-likelihood phylogram based on samples from 266 giraffes. Asterisks along branches correspond to node values of more than 90% bootstrap support. Stars at branch tips identify paraphyletic haplotypes found in Maasai and reticulated giraffes".[20]The IUCN and most giraffe scientists recently recognise only one species of giraffe with 9 subspecies.[21][22] During the 1900s, various taxonomies with 2 or 3 species have been proposed.[23] In 2001, a two-species taxonomy was proposed.[24] A 2007 learn about on the genetics of giraffes, instructed six species.[20] A 2011 find out about using detailed analyses of the morphology of giraffes, and application of the phylogenetic species concept, described eight species of dwelling giraffes.[25] A 2016 study additionally concluded that living giraffes consist of more than one species. The researchers steered the lifestyles of 4 species, which have not exchanged genetic knowledge between each and every other for 1 to 2 million years.[26] Since then, a reaction to this publication has been published, highlighting seven problems in knowledge interpretation, and concludes "the conclusions should not be accepted unconditionally".[27] However, a 2021 entire genome sequencing learn about also suggests the life of 4 distinct species and 7 subspecies.[28]
A 2020 find out about showed that depending on the means selected, other taxonomic hypotheses spotting from two to six species will also be considered for the genus Giraffa.[29] That learn about also discovered that multi-species coalescent methods can lead to taxonomic over-splitting, as those methods delimit geographic structures fairly than species. The three-species hypothesis, which recognises G. camelopardalis, G. giraffa, and G. tippelskirchi, is extremely supported by means of phylogenetic analyses and likewise corroborated by means of maximum population genetic and multi-species coalescent analyses.[29]
G. attica, additionally extinct, was once previously thought to be phase of Giraffa however was once reclassified as Bohlinia attica in 1929. There are also seven extinct species of giraffe, listed as the following:
†Giraffa gracilis †Giraffa jumae †Giraffa priscilla †Giraffa punjabiensis †Giraffa pygmaea †Giraffa sivalensis †Giraffa stilleiSpecies and subspecies of giraffe One species taxonomy[22][21] Three species taxonomy[29] Four species taxonomy[26] Eight species taxonomy[25] Description Image Giraffe (G. camelopardalis)[22][21] Northern giraffe (G. camelopardalis) Northern giraffe (G. camelopardalis) Kordofan giraffe (G. antiquorum)[30] The Kordofan giraffe (G. c. antiquorum) has a distribution which incorporates southern Chad, the Central African Republic, northern Cameroon, and the northeastern DR Congo.[22] Populations in Cameroon were formerly included in G. c. peralta, however this was wrong.[31] Compared to the Nubian giraffe, this subspecies has smaller and extra irregular recognizing patterns. Its spots may be found under the hocks and the insides of the legs. An average lump is present in males.[32]:51–52 Some 2,000 are believed to stay in the wild.[22] Considerable confusion has existed over the status of this subspecies and G. c. peralta in zoos. In 2007, all alleged G. c. peralta in European zoos had been proven to be, in truth, G. c. antiquorum.[31] With this correction, about Sixty five are kept in zoos.[33] The formerly recognised subspecies G. c. congoesis is now considered part of the Kordofan giraffe. Nubian giraffe together with Rothschild's giraffe (G. camelopardalis)[21] often referred to as Baringo giraffe or Ugandan giraffe The Nubian giraffe (G. c. camelopardalis), is found in japanese South Sudan and southwestern Ethiopia, along with Kenya and Uganda.[22] It has sharply defined chestnut-coloured spots surrounded through mostly white strains, while undersides lack recognizing.[34] The median lump is particularly advanced in the male.[32]:51 Around 2,One hundred fifty are idea to remain in the wild, with any other 1,500 people belonging to the Rothschild's ecotype.[22] With the addition of Rothschild's giraffe to the Nubian subspecies, the Nubian giraffe is very common in captivity, even supposing the unique phenotype is rare- a team is kept at Al Ain Zoo in the United Arab Emirates.[35] In 2003, this workforce numbered 14.[36]Rothschild's giraffe (G. c. rothschildi) is also an ecotype of G. camelopardalis. Its range contains portions of Uganda and Kenya.[22] Its presence in South Sudan is uncertain.[37] This giraffe has massive dark patches that generally have whole margins, however may also have sharp edges. The dark spots may additionally have paler radiating traces or streaks inside of them. Spotting does not continuously reach below the hocks and virtually never to the hooves. This ecotype may also develop five "horns".[32]:53 Around 1,500 individuals believed to remain in the wild,[22] and more than 450 are stored in zoos.[33] According to genetic research circa September 2016, it is conspecific with the Nubian giraffe (G. c. camelopardalis).[26]
West African giraffe (G. peralta),[38][39] also known as Niger giraffe or Nigerian giraffe The West African giraffe (G. c. peralta) is endemic to southwestern Niger.[22] This animal has a lighter pelage than other subspecies,[40]:322 with purple lobe-shaped blotches that stretch below the hocks. The ossicones are extra erect than in different subspecies and men have well-developed median lumps.[32]:52–53 It is the maximum endangered subspecies inside of Giraffa, with 400 people ultimate in the wild.[22] Giraffes in Cameroon were previously believed to belong to this species, but are in fact G. c. antiquorum.[31] This error led to some confusion over its standing in zoos, but in 2007, it was established that every one "G. c. peralta" stored in European zoos in truth are G. c. antiquorum. The identical 2007 learn about found that the West African giraffe was extra closely related to Rothschild's giraffe than the Kordofan and its ancestor could have migrated from eastern to northern Africa and then to its current vary with the building of the Sahara Desert. At its biggest, Lake Chad will have acted as a barrier between the West African and Kordofan giraffes all the way through the Holocene (earlier than 5000 BC).[31] Reticulated giraffe (G. reticulata),[41] often referred to as Somali giraffe The reticulated giraffe (G. c. reticulata) is local to northeastern Kenya, southern Ethiopia, and Somalia.[22] Its distinctive coat pattern consists of sharp-edged, reddish-brown polygonal patches divided by a community of skinny white strains. Spots would possibly or may not prolong underneath the hocks, and a median lump is found in men.[32]:53 An estimated 8,660 people stay in the wild,[22] and according to International Species Information System data, greater than 450 are kept in zoos.[33] Southern giraffe (G. giraffa) Southern giraffe (G. giraffa) Angolan giraffe (G. angolensis), often referred to as Namibian giraffe The Angolan giraffe (G. c. angolensis) is found in northern Namibia, southwestern Zambia, Botswana, and western Zimbabwe.[22] A 2009 genetic learn about on this subspecies steered the northern Namib Desert and Etosha National Park populations type a separate subspecies.[42] This subspecies has large brown blotches with edges that are both rather notched or have angular extensions. The spotting trend extends all the way through the legs however now not the upper section of the face. The neck and rump patches have a tendency to be relatively small. The subspecies additionally has a white ear patch.[32]:51 About 13,000 animals are estimated to remain in the wild;[22] and about 20 are kept in zoos.[33] South African giraffe (G. giraffa)[43] sometimes called Cape giraffe The South African giraffe (G. c. giraffa) is found in northern South Africa, southern Botswana, southern Zimbabwe, and southwestern Mozambique.[22] It has darkish, reasonably rounded patches "with some fine projections" on a tawny background color. The spots extend down the legs and get smaller as they do. The median lump of males is less evolved.[32]:Fifty two A most of 31,500 are estimated to stay in the wild,[22] and around Forty five are saved in zoos.[33] Masai giraffe (G. tippelskirchi) Masai giraffe (G. tippelskirchi) Masai giraffe (G. tippelskirchi),[44] often referred to as Kilimanjaro giraffe The Masai giraffe (G. c. tippelskirchi) will also be found in central and southern Kenya and in Tanzania.[22] It has unique, irregular, jagged, star-like blotches which extend to the hooves. A median lump is usually found in men.[32]:54[45] A complete of 32,550 are idea to remain in the wild,[22] and about One hundred are stored in zoos.[33] Thornicroft's giraffe ("G. thornicrofti", after Harry Scott Thornicroft),[46] often referred to as Luangwa giraffe, or Rhodesian giraffe Thornicroft's giraffe (G. c. thornicrofti) is limited to the Luangwa Valley in jap Zambia.[22] The patches are notched and moderately star-shaped, and may or would possibly not lengthen throughout the legs. The median lump of males is underdeveloped.[32]:54 No greater than 550 stay in the wild,[22] with none saved in zoos.[33]Appearance and anatomy
Giraffe skeleton on display at the Museum of Osteology, Oklahoma City, OklahomaFully grown giraffes stand 4.3–5.7 m (14.1–18.7 ft) tall, with men taller than females.[47][48][49] The tallest recorded male used to be 5.88 m (19.3 toes) and the tallest recorded female used to be 5.17 m (17.0 ft) tall.[47][50] The reasonable weight is 1,192 kg (2,628 lb) for an adult male and 828 kg (1,825 lb) for an grownup feminine[51] with most weights of 1,930 kg (4,250 lb) and 1,180 kg (2,600 lb) having been recorded for males and females, respectively.[48][49] Despite its lengthy neck and legs, the giraffe's body is slightly short.[52]:66 Located at each side of the head, the giraffe's huge, bulging eyes give it just right all-round imaginative and prescient from its nice peak.[53]:25 Giraffes see in colour[53]:26 and their senses of hearing and smell are also sharp.[54] The animal can close its muscular nostrils to protect towards sandstorms and ants.[53]:27
The giraffe's prehensile tongue is about 45 cm (18 in) long.[48][49] It is purplish-black in color, in all probability to protect towards sunburn, and is useful for greedy foliage, in addition to for grooming and cleansing the animal's nostril.[53]:27 The upper lip of the giraffe is also prehensile and helpful when foraging, and is coated in hair to protect in opposition to thorns. The tongue and inside of of the mouth are coated in papillae.[8]
The coat has dark blotches or patches (which may also be orange, chestnut, brown, or nearly black in color[54]) separated through light hair (generally white or cream in color.[54]) Male giraffes grow to be darker as they age.[45] The coat pattern has been claimed to function camouflage in the light and shade patterns of savannah woodlands.[46] When standing amongst timber and timber, they're exhausting to look at even a few metres distance. However, adult giraffes move about to realize the very best view of an coming near predator, relying on their size and talent to defend themselves somewhat than on camouflage, that could be extra vital for calves.[11] Each individual giraffe has a unique coat pattern.[45] Giraffe calves inherit some coat pattern traits from their moms, and variation in some spot traits are correlated with neonatal survival.[55] The pores and skin underneath the blotches might function windows for thermoregulation, being sites for complicated blood vessel programs and big sweat glands.[56]
The skin of a giraffe is most commonly gray,[51] or tan.[57] Its thickness permits the animal to run through thorn trees with out being punctured.[53]:34 The fur may serve as a chemical defence, as its parasite repellents give the animal a feature odor. At least Eleven primary fragrant chemicals are in the fur, even supposing indole and 3-methylindole are responsible for maximum of the odor. Because the men have a more potent odour than the ladies, the odour might also have sexual function.[58] Along the animal's neck is a mane made of short, erect hairs.[8] The one-metre (3.3-ft) tail leads to a long, darkish tuft of hair and is used as a protection in opposition to bugs.[53]:36
Two specimens of dwarf giraffes had been found in Namibia and Uganda, named Gimli and Nigel.[59] These dwarfs had long necks but shorter legs, key options of skeletal dysplasia.[60]
Skull and ossicones Photo illustrating the bony bumps that kind on the ossicones and median lump of some mature giraffesBoth sexes have outstanding horn-like buildings called ossicones, which are formed from ossified cartilage, coated in skin and fused to the skull at the parietal bones.[45] Being vascularized, the ossicones may have a position in thermoregulation,[56] and also are utilized in battle between men.[61] Appearance is a reliable information to the intercourse or age of a giraffe: the ossicones of ladies and younger are skinny and show tufts of hair on top, while the ones of adult men lead to knobs and tend to be bald on top.[45] Also, a median lump, which is extra outstanding in men, emerges at the entrance of the skull.[8] Males expand calcium deposits that sort bumps on their skulls as they age.[54] A giraffe's cranium is lightened by more than one sinuses.[52]:70 However, as males age, their skulls grow to be heavier and extra club-like, serving to them become more dominant in struggle.[45] The higher jaw has a grooved palate and lacks front enamel.[53]:26 The giraffe's molars have a tough floor.[53]:27
Legs, locomotion and posture Right hind leg of a Masai giraffe at San Diego ZooThe back and front legs of a giraffe are about the identical length. The radius and ulna of the front legs are articulated by means of the carpus, which, whilst structurally identical to the human wrist, purposes as a knee.[62] It seems that a suspensory ligament lets in the lanky legs to make stronger the animal's nice weight.[63] The foot of the giraffe reaches a diameter of 30 cm (12 in), and the hoof is 15 cm (5.9 in) high in men and 10 cm (3.9 in) in ladies.[53]:36 The rear of each hoof is low and the fetlock is as regards to the floor, allowing the foot to offer additional improve to the animal's weight.[8] Giraffes lack dewclaws and interdigital glands. The giraffe's pelvis, despite the fact that fairly brief, has an ilium that is outspread at the upper ends.[8]
A giraffe has simplest two gaits: walking and galloping. Walking is performed via shifting the legs on one side of the body at the identical time, then doing the same on the other side.[45] When galloping, the hind legs move round the front legs prior to the latter move ahead,[54] and the tail will curl up.[45] The animal depends on the forward and backward motions of its head and neck to deal with steadiness and the counter momentum while galloping.[40]:327–29 The giraffe can succeed in a dash velocity of as much as 60 km/h (37 mph),[64] and will sustain 50 km/h (31 mph) for several kilometres.[65]
A giraffe rests through mendacity with its body on most sensible of its folded legs.[40]:329 To lie down, the animal kneels on its front legs and then lowers the leisure of its body. To get again up, it first gets on its knees and spreads its hind legs to raise its hindquarters. It then straightens its front legs. With each step, the animal swings its head.[53]:31 Studies in captivity find that the giraffe sleeps intermittently around 4.6 hours in line with day, mostly at night time. It normally sleeps lying down; alternatively, status sleeps had been recorded, in particular in older people. Intermittent short "deep sleep" phases while lying are characterized through the giraffe bending its neck backwards and resting its head on the hip or thigh, a place believed to indicate paradoxical sleep.[66] If the giraffe desires to bend down to drink, it either spreads its front legs or bends its knees.[45] Giraffes would almost definitely now not be competent swimmers as their long legs can be highly bulky in the water,[67] even though they may be able to go with the flow.[68] When swimming, the thorax could be weighed down by the front legs, making it difficult for the animal to transport its neck and legs in unity[67][68] or stay its head above the surface.[67]
NeckThe giraffe has a particularly elongated neck, which can be up to 2–2.4 m (6.6–7.9 toes) in length, accounting for a lot of the animal's vertical top.[48][49][53]:29[69] The lengthy neck results from a disproportionate lengthening of the cervical vertebrae, now not from the addition of more vertebrae. Each cervical vertebra is over 28 cm (11 in) lengthy.[52]:71 They contain 52–54 consistent with cent of the length of the giraffe's vertebral column, compared with the 27–33 % standard of equivalent massive ungulates, together with the giraffe's closest dwelling relative, the okapi.[18] This elongation largely takes place after delivery, perhaps because giraffe moms would have a tricky time giving delivery to younger with the identical neck proportions as adults.[70] The giraffe's head and neck are held up via large muscle mass and a reinforced nuchal ligament, that are anchored by way of lengthy dorsal spines on the anterior thoracic vertebrae, giving the animal a hump.[8][71]
Adult male reticulated giraffe feeding top up on an acacia, in KenyaThe giraffe's neck vertebrae have ball and socket joints.[52]:71 In particular, the atlas–axis joint (C1 and C2) lets in the animal to tilt its head vertically and achieve more branches with the tongue.[53]:29 The level of articulation between the cervical and thoracic vertebrae of giraffes is shifted to lie between the first and 2nd thoracic vertebrae (T1 and T2), unlike most other ruminants the place the articulation is between the 7th cervical vertebra (C7) and T1.[18][70] This allows C7 to contribute at once to greater neck duration and has given upward thrust to the suggestion that T1 is actually C8, and that giraffes have added an additional cervical vertebra.[71] However, this proposition is not usually authorised, as T1 has other morphological options, reminiscent of an articulating rib, deemed diagnostic of thoracic vertebrae, and since exceptions to the mammalian prohibit of seven cervical vertebrae are generally characterised via greater neurological anomalies and maladies.[18]
There are several hypotheses relating to the evolutionary foundation and upkeep of elongation in giraffe necks.[61] The "competing browsers hypothesis" was originally advised by means of Charles Darwin and challenged handiest lately. It means that competitive pressure from smaller browsers, such as kudu, steenbok and impala, inspired the elongation of the neck, as it enabled giraffes to reach food that competition could no longer. This merit is actual, as giraffes can and do feed up to 4.5 m (15 toes) prime, whilst even relatively massive competitors, similar to kudu, can feed up to most effective about 2 m (6 ft 7 in) prime.[72] There is additionally research suggesting that surfing competition is intense at decrease ranges, and giraffes feed extra successfully (gaining more leaf biomass with every mouthful) prime in the canopy.[73][74] However, scientists disagree about just how much time giraffes spend feeding at levels past the reach of other browsers,[15][61][72][75] and a 2010 learn about found that grownup giraffes with longer necks if truth be told suffered upper mortality charges below drought conditions than their shorter-necked counterparts. This study means that maintaining a longer neck calls for extra vitamins, which puts longer-necked giraffes in peril right through a food scarcity.[76]
Another concept, the sexual selection speculation, proposes that the long necks advanced as a secondary sexual characteristic, giving males a bonus in "necking" contests (see below) to establish dominance and procure access to sexually receptive women folk.[15] In enhance of this concept, necks are longer and heavier for men than females of the similar age,[15][61] and the former don't employ other forms of struggle.[15] However, one objection is that it fails to provide an explanation for why female giraffes also have long necks.[77] It has also been proposed that the neck serves to offer the animal higher vigilance.[78][79]
Internal techniques Scheme of path of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in giraffeIn mammals, the left recurrent laryngeal nerve is longer than the right; in the giraffe it is over 30 cm (12 in) longer. These nerves are longer in the giraffe than in every other residing animal;[80] the left nerve is over 2 m (6 ft 7 in) lengthy.[81] Each nerve mobile in this path starts in the brainstem and passes down the neck along the vagus nerve, then branches off into the recurrent laryngeal nerve which passes again up the neck to the larynx. Thus, these nerve cells have a duration of nearly 5 m (16 feet) in the largest giraffes.[80] The structure of a giraffe's brain resembles that of home livestock.[53]:31 It is saved cool by means of evaporative heat loss in the nasal passages.[56] The form of the skeleton provides the giraffe a small lung quantity relative to its mass. Its lengthy neck offers it a great amount of useless space, in spite of its narrow windpipe. These elements building up the resistance to airflow. Nevertheless, the animal can nonetheless provide sufficient oxygen to its tissues and it may possibly building up its breathing price and oxygen diffusion when operating.[82]
Reticulated giraffe bending all the way down to drink, in Kenya. The circulatory device is tailored to care for blood drift rushing down its neck.The circulatory gadget of the giraffe has a number of adaptations for its nice height. Its middle, which can weigh greater than 11 kg (25 lb) and measures about 60 cm (2 feet) long, will have to generate approximately double the blood power required for a human to handle blood glide to the brain. As such, the wall of the center will also be as thick as 7.5 cm (3.0 in).[54] Giraffes have unusually prime middle rates for his or her size, at One hundred fifty beats consistent with minute.[52]:76 When the animal lowers its head the blood rushes down rather unopposed and a rete mirabile in the higher neck, with its massive go sectional area, prevents excess blood glide to the mind. When it raises again, the blood vessels constrict and direct blood into the brain so the animal does not faint.[83] The jugular veins comprise several (maximum usually seven) valves to forestall blood flowing back into the head from the inferior vena cava and appropriate atrium while the head is reduced.[84] Conversely, the blood vessels in the lower legs are under great power as a result of of the weight of fluid pressing down on them. To solve this problem, the pores and skin of the lower legs is thick and tight, preventing too much blood from pouring into them.[46]
Giraffes have oesophageal muscle groups that are surprisingly robust to allow regurgitation of meals from the abdomen up the neck and into the mouth for rumination.[52]:78 They have four chambered stomachs, as in all ruminants, and the first chamber has adapted to their specialized vitamin.[8] The intestines of an grownup giraffe measure greater than 70 m (230 toes) in period and have a somewhat small ratio of small to large intestine.[85] The liver of the giraffe is small and compact.[52]:Seventy six A gallbladder is normally present all over fetal life, however it's going to disappear ahead of beginning.[8][86][87]
Behaviour and ecology
Habitat and feeding A Masai giraffe extending its tongue to feed, in Tanzania. Its tongue, lips and palate are difficult enough to care for sharp thorns in bushes.Giraffes most often inhabit savannahs and open woodlands. They favor Acacieae, Commiphora, Combretum and open Terminalia woodlands over denser environments like Brachystegia woodlands.[40]:322 The Angolan giraffe can be found in wasteland environments.[88] Giraffes browse on the twigs of bushes, who prefer timber of the subfamily Acacieae and the genera Commiphora and Terminalia,[4] which can be important sources of calcium and protein to maintain the giraffe's expansion rate.[11] They also feed on shrubs, grass and fruit.[40]:324 A giraffe eats round 34 kg (75 lb) of foliage daily.[45] When stressed out, giraffes may chunk the bark off branches. Although herbivorous, the giraffe has been recognized to visit carcasses and lick dried meat off bones.[40]:325
During the wet season, food is ample and giraffes are more spread out, while all through the dry season, they collect around the remaining evergreen bushes and trees.[4] Mothers have a tendency to feed in open spaces, presumably to aid you hit upon predators, even supposing this may increasingly cut back their feeding potency.[75] As a ruminant, the giraffe first chews its food, then swallows it for processing and then visibly passes the half-digested cud up the neck and again into the mouth to bite again.[52]:78–79 It is commonplace for a giraffe to salivate whilst feeding.[53]:27 The giraffe requires much less meals than many other herbivores because the foliage it eats has more concentrated nutrients and it has a extra efficient digestive device.[4] The animal's faeces are available the form of small pellets.[8] When it has access to water, a giraffe beverages at durations not than three days.[45]
Giraffes have a nice effect on the bushes that they feed on, delaying the growth of younger bushes for some years and giving "waistlines" to timber which can be too tall. Feeding is at its best possible throughout the first and remaining hours of daylight hours. Between those hours, giraffes mostly stand and ruminate. Rumination is the dominant task throughout the evening, when it is mostly achieved mendacity down.[45]
Social lifestyles Gathering of female South African giraffes in Tswalu Kalahari Reserve, South Africa. These animals frequently collect in herds.Giraffes are typically present in teams that adjust in length and composition in step with ecological, anthropogenic, temporal, and social components.[89] Traditionally, the composition of these teams had been described as open and ever-changing.[90] For analysis purposes, a "group" has been outlined as "a collection of individuals that are less than a kilometre apart and moving in the same general direction."[91] More contemporary studies have discovered that giraffes have long-term social associations and would possibly variety groups or pairs in accordance with kinship, sex or different elements, and these groups often go together with one any other in better communities or sub-communities within a fission–fusion society.[92][93][94][95] Social relationships can be disrupted through proximity to people.[92] Masai giraffes of Tanzania reside in distinct social subpopulations that overlap spatially, but have other reproductive rates and calf survival rates.[96]
The number of giraffes in a team can vary from 1 as much as Sixty six people.[95][89] Giraffe groups tend to be sex-segregated[95] although mixed-sex groups made of grownup women folk and younger men additionally happen.[91] Female groups may be matrilineally comparable.[95] In general, women are extra selective than men in who they go together with with regard to individuals of the same intercourse.[94] Particularly stable giraffe teams are the ones made of mothers and their young,[91] which is able to final weeks or months.[97] Young men additionally kind teams and can engage in playfights. However, as they get older males develop into extra solitary however may additionally affiliate in pairs or with female teams.[95][97] Giraffes are not territorial,[8] but they've house ranges that change according to rainfall and proximity to human settlements.[98] Male giraffes sometimes wander a long way from spaces that they generally frequent.[40]:329
Although usually quiet and non-vocal, giraffes were heard to keep up a correspondence using snorts, sneezes, coughs, snores, hisses, bursts, moans, grunts and flute-like sounds. During courtship, males emit loud coughs. Females call their young by way of bellowing. Calves will emit snorts, bleats, mooing and mewing sounds. During middle of the night, giraffes appear to hum to one another above the infrasound vary for purposes which might be unclear. Giraffes may additionally keep up a correspondence visually with movements comparable to stamping, head tossing, and mane-waving.[45][99]
Reproduction and parental care Angolan giraffes mating in NamibiaReproduction in giraffes is widely polygamous: a few older men mate with the fertile ladies.[91] Females can reproduce during the yr and revel in oestrus cycling approximately every 15 days.[100][101] Female giraffes in oestrous are dispersed over house and time, so reproductive adult men adopt a technique of roaming among female groups to seek mating opportunities, with periodic hormone-induced rutting behaviour roughly each and every two weeks.[102] Males want younger adult women over juveniles and older adults.[91]
Male giraffes assess female fertility through tasting the feminine's urine to come across oestrus, in a multi-step procedure known as the flehmen reaction.[91][97] Once an oestrous female is detected, the male will try to court docket her. When dating, dominant men will stay subordinate ones at bay.[97] A courting male might lick a female's tail, rest his head and neck on her body or nudge her with his ossicones. During copulation, the male stands on his hind legs together with his head held up and his front legs resting on the feminine's sides.[45]
Giraffe gestation lasts 400–460 days, and then a single calf is generally born, even though twins occur on infrequent occasions.[100] The mother offers birth standing up. The calf emerges head and entrance legs first, having broken via the fetal membranes, and falls to the flooring, severing the umbilical twine.[8] The mother then grooms the new child and is helping it stand up.[53]:40 A newborn giraffe is 1.7–2 m (5.6–6.6 toes) tall.[47][48][49] Within a few hours of start, the calf can run around and is nearly indistinguishable from a one-week-old. However, for the first 1–Three weeks, it spends maximum of its time hiding;[103] its coat pattern providing camouflage. The ossicones, which have lain flat while it was in the womb, become erect inside of a few days.[45]
Mother South African giraffe with calfMothers with calves will accumulate in nursery herds, transferring or browsing in combination. Mothers in such a staff might on occasion depart their calves with one feminine while they forage and drink in other places. This is known as a "calving pool".[103] Adult males play almost no function in raising the young,[40]:337 even if they appear to have pleasant interactions.[91] Calves are at risk of predation, and a mom giraffe will stand over her calf and kick at an drawing near predator.[45] Females staring at calving pools will simplest alert their very own young in the event that they locate a disturbance, even supposing the others will take understand and apply.[103]
The duration time in which offspring stick with their mother varies, although it might probably closing till the female's subsequent calving.[103] Likewise, calves would possibly suckle for best a month[40]:335 or so long as a yr.[45][97] Females develop into sexually mature when they are four years old, while men grow to be mature at 4 or 5 years. Spermatogenesis in male giraffes starts at three to four years of age.[104] Males must wait until they are no less than seven years outdated to realize the opportunity to mate.[45][53]:40
Necking Here, male South African giraffes engage in low intensity necking to ascertain dominance, in Ithala Game Reserve, Kwa-Zulu-Natal, South Africa.Male giraffes use their necks as guns in fight, a behaviour referred to as "necking". Necking is used to establish dominance and men that win necking bouts have higher reproductive success.[15] This behaviour happens at low or top depth. In low depth necking, the fighters rub and lean towards each and every different. The male that may hold itself more erect wins the bout. In high depth necking, the warring parties will unfold their entrance legs and swing their necks at each and every other, making an attempt to land blows with their ossicones. The contestants will try to dodge every different's blows and then get in a position to counter. The energy of a blow is determined by the weight of the skull and the arc of the swing.[45] A necking duel can last more than 1/2 an hour, relying on how well matched the opponents are.[40]:331 Although most fights don't lead to severe damage, there were data of broken jaws, damaged necks, or even deaths.[15]
After a duel, it is common for two male giraffes to caress and court every other. Such interactions between males were discovered to be extra widespread than heterosexual coupling.[105] In one study, up to 94 percent of seen mounting incidents came about between males. The proportion of same-sex actions numerous from 30 to 75 p.c. Only one % of same-sex mounting incidents befell between females.[106]
Mortality and well being Lioness noticed with an grownup Masai giraffe killGiraffes have top grownup survival probability,[107][108] and an strangely long lifespan in comparison to other ruminants, as much as 38 years.[109] Because of their length, eyesight and powerful kicks, grownup giraffes are in most cases now not subject to predation,[45] even supposing lions would possibly continuously prey on people as much as 550 kg (1,210 lb).[110] Giraffes are the maximum not unusual meals supply for the big cats in Kruger National Park, comprising nearly a 3rd of the meat fed on, even if handiest a small portion of the giraffes had been almost certainly killed via predators, as a majority of the consumed giraffes looked to be scavenged.[111][112]Nile crocodiles will also be a danger to giraffes after they bend down to drink.[53] Adult female survival is considerably correlated with gregariousness, the moderate quantity of other women she is observed associating with.[113] Calves are a lot more inclined than adults and are additionally preyed on via leopards, spotted hyenas and wild canines.[54] A quarter to a 1/2 of giraffe calves achieve adulthood.[107][114] Calf survival varies in line with the season of start, with calves born right through the dry season having higher survival rates.[115]
The local, seasonal presence of huge herds of migratory wildebeests and zebras reduces predation force on giraffe calves and will increase their survival likelihood.[116] In turn, it's been advised that different ungulates might get pleasure from associating with giraffes as their top allows them to spot predators from further away. Zebras have been found to glean knowledge on predation possibility from giraffe body language and spend much less time scanning the surroundings when giraffes are provide.[117]
Some parasites feed on giraffes. They are incessantly hosts for ticks, especially in the space around the genitals, which has thinner pores and skin than other areas. Tick species that frequently feed on giraffes are those of genera Hyalomma, Amblyomma and Rhipicephalus. Giraffes would possibly depend on red-billed and yellow-billed oxpeckers to scrub them of ticks and alert them to danger. Giraffes host a large number of species of interior parasite and are susceptible to more than a few sicknesses. They have been victims of the (now eradicated) viral sickness rinderpest.[8] Giraffes too can be afflicted by a skin disorder, which comes in the kind of wrinkles, lesions or raw fissures. In Tanzania, apparently to be caused by a nematode, and could also be additional suffering from secondary infections. As a lot as 79% of giraffes display signs of the illness in Ruaha National Park, but it surely didn't reason mortality in Tarangire and is much less prevalent in spaces with fertile soils.[118][119][120]
Relationship with people
San rock art in Namibia depicting a giraffeHumans have interacted with giraffes for millennia. They had been depicted in art all through the African continent, including that of the Kiffians, Egyptians, and Kushites.[53]:45–47 The Kiffians have been responsible for a life-size rock engraving of two giraffes, dated 8,000 years ago, that has been called the "world's largest rock art petroglyph".[53]:45[121] How the giraffe were given its peak has been the subject of more than a few African folktales.[15] The Tugen other folks of modern Kenya used the giraffe to depict their god Mda.[122] The Egyptians gave the giraffe its personal hieroglyph, named 'sr' in Old Egyptian and 'mmy' in later classes.[53]:49 They also saved giraffes as pets and shipped them around the Mediterranean.[53]:48–49 The giraffe was once additionally identified to the Greeks and Romans, who believed that it was an unnatural hybrid of a camel and a leopard or a panther and called it camelopardalis.[53]:50 The giraffe used to be among the many animals accumulated and displayed by way of the Romans. The first one in Rome was introduced in by Julius Caesar in Forty six BC and displayed to the public.[53]:52 With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the housing of giraffes in Europe declined.[53]:54 During the Middle Ages, giraffes were known to Europeans thru touch with the Arabs, who revered the giraffe for its ordinary look.[54]
Painting of a giraffe imported to China throughout the Ming dynastyIndividual captive giraffes got famous person standing throughout historical past. In 1414, a giraffe was once shipped from Malindi to Bengal. It used to be then taken to China by means of explorer Zheng He and placed in a Ming dynasty zoo. The animal was once a source of fascination for the Chinese other people, who associated it with the mythical Qilin.[53]:56 The Medici giraffe was once a giraffe offered to Lorenzo de' Medici in 1486. It caused a great stir on its arrival in Florence.[123]Zarafa, any other well-known giraffe, was introduced from Egypt to Paris in the early nineteenth century as a reward from Muhammad Ali of Egypt to Charles X of France. A sensation, the giraffe used to be the topic of numerous memorabilia or "giraffanalia".[53]:81
Giraffes proceed to have a presence in modern tradition. Salvador Dalí depicted them with burning manes in some of his surrealist paintings. Dali regarded as the giraffe to be a image of masculinity, and a flaming giraffe was intended to be a "masculine cosmic apocalyptic monster".[53]:123 Several children's books characteristic the giraffe, together with David A. Ufer's The Giraffe Who Was Afraid of Heights, Giles Andreae's Giraffes Can't Dance and Roald Dahl's The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me. Giraffes have gave the impression in animated movies, as minor characters in Disney's The Lion King and Dumbo, and in more distinguished roles in The Wild and in the Madagascar motion pictures. Sophie the Giraffe has been a widespread teether since 1961. Another famous fictional giraffe is the Toys "R" Us mascot Geoffrey the Giraffe.[53]:127 The giraffe has additionally been used for some scientific experiments and discoveries. Scientists have looked at the houses of giraffe pores and skin when growing suits for astronauts and fighter pilots[52]:Seventy six as a result of the people in those professions are at risk of passing out if blood rushes to their legs. Computer scientists have modeled the coat patterns of a number of subspecies using reaction–diffusion mechanisms.[124]
The constellation of Camelopardalis, offered in the 17th century, depicts a giraffe.[53]:119–20 The Tswana folks of Botswana traditionally see the constellation Crux as two giraffes – Acrux and Mimosa forming a male, and Gacrux and Delta Crucis forming the feminine.[125]
Exploitation and conservation standingIn 2010, giraffes were assessed as Least Concern from a conservation perspective by way of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), however the 2016 review categorized giraffes as Vulnerable.[1] In 1999, it used to be estimated that over 140,000 giraffes existed in the wild,[34] but estimations as of 2016 indicate that there are approximately 97,500 contributors of Giraffa in the wild, down from 155,000 in 1985.[126][127] The Masai and reticulated subspecies are endangered,[128][129] and the Rothschild subspecies is near threatened.[37] The Nubian subspecies is seriously endangered.[130] The number one causes for giraffe population declines are habitat loss and direct killing for bushmeat markets.[22] Giraffes were extirpated from a lot of their ancient vary together with Eritrea, Guinea, Mauritania and Senegal. They may also have disappeared from Angola, Mali, and Nigeria, however have been offered to Rwanda and Swaziland.[1][130] As of 2010, there have been greater than 1,Six hundred in captivity at Species360-registered zoos.[33]
Masai giraffe killed through tribesmen in German East Africa right through the early twentieth centuryProtected spaces similar to national parks provide vital habitat and anti-poaching protection to giraffe populations.[22] Community-based conservation efforts outside national parks are also efficient at protecting giraffes and their habitats.[131][132] Private sport reserves have contributed to the preservation of giraffe populations in southern Africa.[46] The giraffe is a safe species in maximum of its range. It is the national animal of Tanzania,[133] and is secure via regulation,[134] and unauthorised killing can lead to imprisonment.[135] The UN subsidized Convention of Migratory Species decided on giraffes for protection in 2017.[136] In 2019, giraffes have been indexed below Appendix 2 of the Conference of the Parties to the UN Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), which will now report global industry in giraffe parts, akin to hides, bones and meat.[137]Translocations are from time to time used to augment or re-establish diminished or extirpated populations, however those actions are dangerous and difficult to adopt the use of the highest practices of extensive pre- and post-translocation studies and ensuring a viable founding population.[138][139] Aerial survey is the most commonplace approach of tracking giraffe population developments in the vast roadless tracts of African landscapes, however aerial strategies are recognized to undercount giraffes.[140] Ground-based survey strategies are extra accurate and can be used along side aerial surveys to make accurate estimates of population sizes and trends.[140]
Giraffes had been most probably not unusual objectives for hunters throughout Africa.[40] Different portions of their our bodies have been used for various functions.[8] Their meat was once used for food. The tail hairs served as flyswatters, bracelets, necklaces, and thread.[8][40] Shields, sandals, and drums were made using the skin, and the strings of musical tools were from the tendons.[8] The smoke from burning giraffe skins was used by the medicine men of Buganda to treat nose bleeds.[40] The Humr other folks of Kordofan eat the drink Umm Nyolokh, which is ready from the liver and bone marrow of giraffes. Richard Rudgley hypothesised that Umm Nyolokh would possibly include DMT.[141] The drink is said to purpose hallucinations of giraffes, believed to be the giraffes' ghosts, by the Humr.[142] In the 19th century, European explorers started to seek them for game.[53] Habitat destruction has harm the giraffe. In the Sahel, the want for firewood and grazing room for livestock has resulted in deforestation. Normally, giraffes can coexist with cattle, since they do not directly compete with them.[46] In 2017, serious droughts in northern Kenya have ended in higher tensions over land and the killing of natural world by way of herders, with giraffe populations being specifically hit.[143]
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IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T88420717A88420720.en. ^ a b Wube, T.; Doherty, J. B.; Fennessy, J.; Marais, A. (2018). "Giraffa camelopardalis ssp. camelopardalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T88420707A88420710.en. ^ Lee, Derek E. (2018). "Evaluating conservation effectiveness in a Tanzanian community wildlife management area". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 82 (8): 1767–1774. doi:10.1002/jwmg.21549. ISSN 1937-2817. ^ Lee, Derek E; Bond, Monica L (26 February 2018). "Quantifying the ecological success of a community-based wildlife conservation area in Tanzania". Journal of Mammalogy. 99 (2): 459–464. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyy014. ISSN 0022-2372. PMC 5965405. PMID 29867255. ^ Knappert, J (1987). East Africa: Kenya, Tanzania & Uganda. Vikas Publishing House. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-7069-2822-8. ^ Charles Foley; Lara Foley; Alex Lobora; Daniela De Luca; Maurus Msuha; Tim R. B. Davenport; Sarah M. Durant (8 June 2014). A Field Guide to the Larger Mammals of Tanzania. Princeton University Press. pp. 179–. ISBN 978-1-4008-5280-2. ^ "National Symbols: National Animal". tanzania.move.tz. Tanzania Government Portal. Archived from the unique on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2015. ^ "Chimpanzees among 33 breeds selected for special protection". BBC. 28 October 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2017. ^ "Good News for Giraffes at CITES CoP18 > Newsroom". newsroom.wcs.org. Retrieved 16 November 2020. ^ Muller, Zoe; Lee, Derek E.; Scheijen, Ciska P. J.; Strauss, Megan Okay. L.; Carter, Kerryn D.; Deacon, Francois (2020). "Giraffe translocations: A review and discussion of considerations". African Journal of Ecology. 58 (2): 159–171. doi:10.1111/aje.12727. ISSN 1365-2028. ^ Lee, De; Fienieg, E; Van Oosterhout, C; Muller, Z; Strauss, M; Carter, Kd; Scheijen, Cpj; Deacon, F (27 February 2020). "Giraffe translocation population viability analysis". Endangered Species Research. 41: 245–252. doi:10.3354/esr01022. ISSN 1863-5407. ^ a b Lee, Derek E.; Bond, Monica L. (9 June 2016). "Precision, accuracy, and costs of survey methods for giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis". Journal of Mammalogy. 97 (3): 940–948. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyw025. ISSN 0022-2372. S2CID 87384776. ^ Rudgley, Richard The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Substances, pub. Abacus 1998 ISBN 0 349 11127 8 pps. 20–21. ^ Ian Cunnison (1958). "Giraffe hunting among the Humr tribe". Sudan Notes and Records. 39. ^ Qiu, Jane (22 June 2017). "Surge in wildlife killings is wiping out giraffes". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aan7000.External hyperlinks
Wikimedia Commons has media associated with Giraffa.Giraffe, African Wildlife Foundation Giraffa camelopardalis, Encyclopedia of LifevteExtant Artiodactyla species Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Infraclass: Eutheria Superorder: LaurasiatheriaSuborder RuminantiaAntilocapridaeAntilocapra Pronghorn (A. americana)GiraffidaeOkapia Okapi (O. johnstoni)Giraffa Giraffe (G. camelopardalis)MoschidaeMoschus Anhui musk deer (M. anhuiensis) Dwarf musk deer (M. berezovskii) Alpine musk deer (M. chrysogaster) Kashmir musk deer (M. cupreus) Black musk deer (M. fuscus) Himalayan musk deer (M. leucogaster) Siberian musk deer (M. moschiferus)TragulidaeHyemoschus Water chevrotain (H. aquaticus)Moschiola Indian noticed chevrotain (M. indica) Yellow-striped chevrotain (M. kathygre) Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (M. meminna)Tragulus Java mouse-deer (T. javanicus) Lesser mouse-deer (T. kanchil) Greater mouse-deer (T. napu) Philippine mouse-deer (T. nigricans) Vietnam mouse-deer (T. versicolor) Williamson's mouse-deer (T. williamsoni)CervidaeLarge family listed belowBovidaeLarge circle of relatives indexed underFamily CervidaeCervinaeMuntiacus Indian muntjac (M. muntjak) Reeves's muntjac (M. reevesi) Hairy-fronted muntjac (M. crinifrons) Fea's muntjac (M. feae) Bornean yellow muntjac (M. atherodes) Roosevelt's muntjac (M. rooseveltorum) Gongshan muntjac (M. gongshanensis) Giant muntjac (M. vuquangensis) Truong Son muntjac (M. truongsonensis) Leaf muntjac (M. putaoensis) Sumatran muntjac (M. montanus) Pu Hoat muntjac (M. puhoatensis)Elaphodus Tufted deer (E. cephalophus)Dama Fallow deer (D. dama) Persian fallow deer (D. mesopotamica)Axis Chital (A. axis)Rucervus Barasingha (R. duvaucelii)Panolia Eld's deer (P. eldii)Elaphurus Père David's deer (E. davidianus)Hyelaphus Indochinese hog deer (H. annamiticus) Calamian deer (H. calamianensis) Bawean deer (H. kuhlii) Hog deer (H. porcinus)Rusa Sambar (R. unicolor) Rusa deer (R. timorensis) Philippine sambar (R. mariannus) Philippine spotted deer (R. alfredi)Cervus Red deer (C. elaphus) Elk (C. canadensis) Thorold's deer (C. albirostris) Sika deer (C. nippon)CapreolinaeAlces Moose (A. alces)Hydropotes Water deer (H. inermis)Capreolus European roe deer (C. capreolus) Siberian roe deer (C. pygargus)Rangifer Reindeer (R. tarandus)Hippocamelus Taruca (H. antisensis) South Andean deer (H. bisulcus)Mazama Red brocket (M. americana) Small red brocket (M. bororo) Merida brocket (M. bricenii) Dwarf brocket (M. chunyi) Gray brocket (M. gouazoubira) Pygmy brocket (M. nana) Amazonian brown brocket (M. nemorivaga) Yucatan brown brocket (M. pandora) Little red brocket (M. rufina) Central American purple brocket (M. temama)Ozotoceros Pampas deer (O. bezoarticus)Blastocerus Marsh deer (B. dichotomus)Pudu Northern pudú (P. mephistophiles) Southern pudú (P. pudu)Odocoileus White-tailed deer (O. virginianus) Mule deer (O. hemionus)Family BovidaeCephalophinaeCephalophus Abbott's duiker (C. spadix) Aders's duiker (C. adersi) Bay duiker (C. dorsalis) Black duiker (C. niger) Black-fronted duiker (C. nigrifrons) Brooke's duiker (C. brookei) Harvey's duiker (C. harveyi) Jentink's duiker (C. jentinki) Ogilby's duiker (C. ogilbyi) Peters' duiker (C. callipygus) Red-flanked duiker (C. rufilatus) Red forest duiker (C. natalensis) Ruwenzori duiker (C. rubidis) Weyns's duiker (C. weynsi) White-bellied duiker (C. leucogaster) White-legged duiker (C. crusalbum) Yellow-backed duiker (C. silvicultor) Zebra duiker (C. zebra)Philantomba Blue duiker (P. monticola) Maxwell's duiker (P. maxwellii) Walter's duiker (P. walteri)Sylvicapra Common duiker (S. grimmia)HippotraginaeHippotragus Roan antelope (H. equinus) Sable antelope (H. niger)Oryx East African oryx (O. beisa) Scimitar oryx (O. dammah) Gemsbok (O. gazella) Arabian oryx (O. leucoryx)Addax Addax (A. nasomaculatus)ReduncinaeKobus Waterbuck (K. ellipsiprymnus) Kob (Okay. kob) Lechwe (Ok. leche) Nile lechwe (Ok. megaceros) Puku (K. vardonii)Redunca Southern reedbuck (R. arundinum) Mountain reedbuck (R. fulvorufula) Bohor reedbuck (R. redunca)AepycerotinaeAepyceros Impala (A. melampus)PeleinaePelea Grey rhebok (P. capreolus)AlcelaphinaeBeatragus Hirola (B. hunteri)Damaliscus Common tsessebe (D. lunatus) Bontebok (D. pygargus)Alcelaphus Hartebeest (A. buselaphus)Connochaetes Black wildebeest (C. gnou) Blue wildebeest (C. taurinus)PantholopinaePantholops Tibetan antelope (P. hodgsonii)CaprinaeLarge subfamily indexed beneathBovinaeLarge subfamily listed underAntilopinaeLarge subfamily indexed beneathFamily Bovidae (subfamily Caprinae)Ammotragus Barbary sheep (A. lervia)Arabitragus Arabian tahr (A. jayakari)Budorcas Takin (B. taxicolor)Capra Wild goat (C. aegagrus) Domestic goat (C. aegagrus hircus) West Caucasian tur (C. caucasia) East Caucasian tur (C. cylindricornis) Markhor (C. falconeri) Alpine ibex (C. ibex) Nubian ibex (C. nubiana) Iberian ibex (C. pyrenaica) Siberian ibex (C. sibirica) Walia ibex (C. walie)Capricornis Japanese serow (C. crispus) Taiwan serow (C. swinhoei) Mainland serow (C. sumatraensis) Red serow (C. rubidusi)Hemitragus Himalayan tahr (H. jemlahicus)Naemorhedus Red goral (N. baileyi) Long-tailed goral (N. caudatus) Himalayan goral (N. goral) Chinese goral (N. griseus)Oreamnos Mountain goat (O. americanus)Ovibos Muskox (O. moschatus)Nilgiritragus Nilgiri tahr (N. hylocrius)Ovis Argali (O. ammon) Domestic sheep (O. aries) Bighorn sheep (O. canadensis) Dall sheep (O. dalli) Mouflon (O. gmelini) Snow sheep (O. nivicola) Urial (O. vignei)Pseudois Bharal (P. nayaur) Dwarf blue sheep (P. schaeferi)Rupicapra Pyrenean chamois (R. pyrenaica) Chamois (R. rupicapra)Family Bovidae (subfamily Bovinae)BoselaphiniTetracerus Four-horned antelope (T. quadricornis)Boselaphus Nilgai (B. tragocamelus)BoviniBubalus Domestic water buffalo (B. bubalis) Wild water buffalo (B. arnee) Lowland anoa (B. depressicornis) Tamaraw (B. mindorensis) Mountain anoa (B. quarlesi)Bos Banteng (B. javanicus) Gaur (B. gaurus) Gayal (B. frontalis) Domestic yak (B. grunniens) Wild yak (B. mutus) Cattle (B. taurus)Pseudoryx Saola (P. nghetinhensis)Syncerus African buffalo (S. caffer)Bison American bison (B. bison) European bison (B. bonasus)TragelaphiniTragelaphus(including kudus) Sitatunga (T. spekeii) Nyala (T. angasii) Harnessed bushbuck (T. scriptus) Cape bushbuck (T. sylvaticus) Mountain nyala (T. buxtoni) Lesser kudu (T. imberbis) Greater kudu (T. strepsiceros) Bongo (T. eurycerus)Taurotragus Common eland (T. oryx) Giant eland (T. derbianus)Family Bovidae (subfamily Antilopinae)AntilopiniAmmodorcas Dibatag (A. clarkei)Antidorcas Springbok (A. marsupialis)Antilope Blackbuck (A. cervicapra)Eudorcas Mongalla gazelle (E. albonotata) Red-fronted gazelle (E. rufifrons) Thomson's gazelle (E. thomsonii) Heuglin's gazelle (E. tilonura)Gazella Mountain gazelle (G. gazella) Erlanger's gazelle (G. erlangeri) Speke's gazelle (G. spekei) Dorcas gazelle (G. dorcas) Chinkara (G. bennettii) Cuvier's gazelle (G. cuvieri) Rhim gazelle (G. leptoceros) Goitered gazelle (G. subgutturosa)Litocranius Gerenuk (L. walleri)Nanger Dama gazelle (N. dama) Grant's gazelle (N. granti) Soemmerring's gazelle (N. soemmerringii)Procapra Mongolian gazelle (P. gutturosa) Goa (P. picticaudata) Przewalski's gazelle (P. przewalskii)SaiginiPantholops Tibetan antelope (P. hodgsonii)Saiga Saiga antelope (S. tatarica)NeotraginiDorcatragus Beira (D. megalotis)Madoqua Günther's dik-dik (M. guentheri) Kirk's dik-dik (M. kirkii) Silver dik-dik (M. piacentinii) Salt's dik-dik (M. saltiana)Neotragus Bates' pygmy antelope (N. batesi) Suni (N. moschatus) Royal antelope (N. pygmaeus)Oreotragus Klipspringer (O. oreotragus)Ourebia Oribi (O. ourebi)Raphicerus Steenbok (R. campestris) Cape grysbok (R. melanotis) Sharpe's grysbok (R. sharpei)Suborder SuinaSuidaeBabyrousa Buru babirusa (B. babyrussa) North Sulawesi babirusa (B. celebensis) Togian babirusa (B. togeanensis)Hylochoerus Giant forest hog (H. meinertzhageni)Phacochoerus Desert warthog (P. aethiopicus) Common warthog (P. africanus)Porcula Pygmy hog (P. salvania)Potamochoerus Bushpig (P. larvatus) Red river hog (P. porcus)Sus(Pigs) Palawan bearded pig (S. ahoenobarbus) Bornean bearded pig (S. barbatus) Indochinese warty pig (S. bucculentus) Visayan warty pig (S. cebifrons) Celebes warty pig (S. celebensis) Flores warty pig (S. heureni) Oliver's warty pig (S. oliveri) Philippine warty pig (S. philippensis) Wild boar (S. scrofa) Timor warty pig (S. timoriensis) Javan warty pig (S. verrucosus)TayassuidaeTayassu White-lipped peccary (T. pecari)Catagonus Chacoan peccary (C. wagneri)Pecari Collared peccary (P. tajacu)Suborder TylopodaCamelidaeLama Llama (L. glama) Guanaco (L. guanicoe)Vicugna Vicuña (V. vicugna) Alpaca (V. pacos)Camelus Dromedary/Arabian camel (C. dromedarius) Domestic Bactrian camel (C. bactrianus) Wild Bactrian camel (C. ferus)Whippomorpha (unranked clade)HippopotamidaeHippopotamus Hippopotamus (H. amphibius)Choeropsis Pygmy hippopotamus (C. liberiensis) vteHeraldry Armiger Law of heraldic palms Grant of hands BlazonOfficials Authorities Officers of arms King of Arms, Herald, Pursuivant Private Officer of ArmsConventional elements of coats of arms Coat of palms(emblazoned ontoan escutcheon) Supporter Supporter Slogan (struggle cry) Crest Torse Mantling Helmet/Galero Crown/Coronet Compartment Order MottoHeraldic tinctures
Types National Dominion Civic Ecclesiastical Papal Burgher Women Socialist AttributedChargesof heraldicachievem-ents (List)See also:CantingAlliance(Courtesy)Funerary
Escutcheon(defend)ModernFrench Field Divisions Variations Charge Chief Lines Ordinary Augmentation Abatement Cadency Distinction Marshalling Quartering Impalement Bar Bend Bordure Canton Chevron Cross Fess Flaunch Gyron Label Lozenge Orle Pale Pall Pile Roundel SaltireCreaturesAttitudesErasureBeasts Bear Boar Bull/Ox Dog/Hound Camelopard (giraffe) Hind/Stag (deer) Kangaroo Leopard Lion WolfBird species Avalerion Black swan Cock Corvus Dove Eagle Martlet PelicanSea creatures Dolphin Ged Lucy (esox) ScallopLegendary creatures Allocamelus Alphyn Amphiptere Basilisk Biscione Chollima Cockatrice Dragon Enfield Garuda Griffin/Keythong Harpy Hippocampus Hippogriff Lampago Lindworm Manticore Mermaid Ouroboros Pantheon Panther Pegasus Phoenix Salamander Sea-lion Tyger Unicorn Woodwose Wyvern YaleOthers Reremouse Bee Crapaudy (toad) Emmet (ant) SerpentKnots Bourchier Bowen Cavendish/Savoy Dacre Harrington Hastings/Hungerford Heneage Hinckaert Hungerford knot Lacy Medici Morvillier Ormonde/Wake Savoy Shakespeare Stafford Trafford Tristram/Bowen WakeTincturesRulesTrickingHatchingFimbriation(with blackand whiterendering)
Metals Argent (white) Or (gold)Colours Gules (crimson) Sable (black) Azure (blue) Vert (inexperienced) Purpure (red)Furs Ermines Erminois Erminites Pean Vair PotentStains Murrey (mulberry) Sanguine (blood crimson) TennéNon-traditional1Metals Copper Buff (handled as a metal in United States heraldry)Colours Bleu celeste Brunâtre (brown) Buff (handled as a colour in Canadian heraldry) Carnation Cendrée Ochre Orange RoseExternal Crowns and coronets Crest Compartment Helmet Mantling And pavilion Motto Slogan Supporter TorsePackages Clothing (Tabard) Flag (Banner of palms) Badge Jewellery Seal Equestrian Bookplate Trophy of fingersSee additionally Roll of hands Phaleristics List of oldest heraldry Vexillology Mon Emblem Logotype 1 Non-traditional, hardly ever used traditions in italic (typically regional or modern, every now and then regarded as unheraldic) Heraldry portal Portal:Heraldry/Web resources Taxon identifiers Wikidata: Q862089 Wikispecies: Giraffa BOLD: 73516 EoL: 38813 EPPO: 1GIRFG Fossilworks: 42695 GBIF: 2441204 iNaturalist: 42156 IRMNG: 1291817 ITIS: 898184 MSW: 14200475 NCBI: 9893 Authority keep watch over GND: 4157361-4 MA: 2779345429 NARA: 10645771 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giraffe&oldid=1022179448"
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