Human (male) V Komodo Dragon - Page 3 - Carnivora ~ Live Science: The Most Interesting Articles, Mysteries & Discoveries

The thing is Komodo dragons are monitors, but I will tell you the difference between the Komodo dragons and other monitor lizards Komodo dragons are larger than most Monitors (with the exception of the Salvidori), tend to be patternless with bumpy...The team's computer modelling of the Komodo bite suggests a relatively weak bite - a maximum bite force of 39 newtons, compared to 252 N for an Australian saltwater crocodile of the same sizeAnyone near a Komodo dragon should be aware that the animals can accelerate suddenly and rapidly and that they do attack humans in self defence. The lizards can run up to thirteen miles an hour. They usually approach their prey with stealth, though, or they hide and wait patiently for the prey to approach them.A grown adult Komodo Dragon that lives in the wild can weigh up to 70 kilograms (Which is the equivalent to about 150 pounds).They can also be 2.59 meters long(8.5 ft). The largest wild specimen to be found by humans was 3.13 meters , or 10 ft in length.The Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis), also known as the Komodo monitor, is a species of large lizard endemic to the Indonesian islands of Komodo, Rinca, Flores, and Gili Motang.A member of the monitor lizard family Varanidae, it is the largest extant species of lizard, growing to a maximum length of 3 metres (10 ft) in rare cases, and weighing up to approximately 70 kilograms (150 lb).

Venom is key to Komodo dragon's killing power | New Scientist

Keeping this in consideration, can a Komodo dragon kill a human? Attacks on humans by Komodo dragons — said to number at around 2,500 in the wild — are rare, but seem to have increased in recent years. KOMODO ISLAND, Indonesia — Komodo dragons have shark-like teeth and poisonous venom that can kill a person within hours of a bite.The Komodo Dragon's diet consists of mammals, birds, deer, reptiles, bird eggs, goats, monkeys, horses, water buffaloes and even humans. So, it is one of the most dangerous specious in the world. So, it is one of the most dangerous specious in the world.A Komodo dragon only leaves about 10 percent of its prey uneaten. For comparison, a lion usually leaves about 30 percent behind [source: Smithsonian].In addition to the usual parts (and the not-so-usual parts, like intestines) it also swallows hair, bone, hooves and horns.Humans may be smaller in size than Komodos, but they are still larger than the average prey the Komodos eat; thus, Komodos can't eat humans. Myth- Komodo Dragons have a great bite force. Debunked- The Komodos have a powerful jaw, but their bite force isn't as high as the rumors go. In comparison to their body and weight, their bite is

Komodo, Bearded, and Frilled Dragons: Impressive Lizards

A komodo dragon in the wild. These solitary carnivores reside across five small islands in Indonesia. Komodo dragons can weigh up to 150 lbs., making them the largest lizards in the world. Researchers at Argonne are studying the microbes on Komodo dragons in zoos to help them understand the health of animals in captivity.The main difference between monitor lizards and Komodo dragon is that Komodo dragons are a type of monitor lizards, they are the deadliest monitor lizards. You May Also Like: Difference between Salamander and Lizard Comparison Table (Monitor Lizard vs Komodo Dragon) Characteristics: and humans while Komodo dragons are majorly attacked byHumans have also posed a threat to the Komodo dragon's survival. People have burned the Komodo dragon's habitat to clear it for other uses, while poachers target this reptile and its prey.Komodo Dragon Fact or Fiction? #1. Komodo dragons were able to become so large in size because they have no natural predators outside of humans? This appears to be the logical explanation, but recently discovered fossils indicate that the Komodo derives from a large lizard that spanned modern day Australia and Indonesia roughly 3.8 millionThe world's largest living lizard is the Komodo dragon ( Varanus komodoensis), a type of "varanid" lizard.Despite the fact that Komodo dragons are very interesting and widely known, there is a lot

Jump to navigation Jump to search For the similarly-named internet browser, see Comodo Dragon.

Komodo dragonTemporal range: Pliocene–Holocene,[1]3.8–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J Ok Pg N ↓ Male at the Cincinnati Zoo Conservation standing Vulnerable (IUCN 2.3)[2] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Family: Varanidae Genus: Varanus Subgenus: Varanus Species: V. komodoensis Binomial title Varanus komodoensisOuwens, 1912[3] Komodo dragon distribution

The Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis), sometimes called the Komodo monitor, is a member of the monitor lizard circle of relatives Varanidae that is endemic to the Indonesian islands of Komodo, Rinca, Flores, and Gili Motang. It is the most important extant species of lizard, rising to a most duration of three metres (10 ft), and weighing up to roughly 70 kilograms (150 lb).

As a result in their length, Komodo dragons are apex predators, and dominate the ecosystems by which they reside. Komodo dragons hunt and ambush prey including invertebrates, birds, and mammals. It has been claimed that they have got a venomous chew; there are two glands within the lower jaw which secrete several poisonous proteins. The biological significance of these proteins is disputed, however the glands were shown to secrete an anticoagulant. Komodo dragons' staff conduct in looking is exceptional in the reptile international. The nutrition of Komodo dragons principally consists of Javan rusa (Rusa timorensis), though additionally they devour considerable amounts of carrion. Komodo dragons additionally every now and then assault humans.

Mating starts between May and August, and the eggs are laid in September; as many as 20 eggs are deposited at a time in an deserted megapode nest or in a self-dug nesting hollow. The eggs are incubated for seven to 8 months, hatching in April, when bugs are maximum abundant. Young Komodo dragons are susceptible and live in bushes to keep away from predators, equivalent to cannibalistic adults. They take 8 to Nine years to mature and are estimated to live up to 30 years.

Komodo dragons were first recorded via Western scientists in 1910. Their large size and fearsome popularity cause them to fashionable zoo reveals. In the wild, their range has reduced in size due to human actions, and they are listed as Vulnerable by means of the IUCN Red List. They are protected beneath Indonesian regulation, and Komodo National Park was once based in 1980 to help coverage efforts.

Taxonomic historical past

Skull

Komodo dragons were first documented through Europeans in 1910, when rumors of a "land crocodile" reached Lieutenant van Steyn van Hensbroek of the Dutch colonial administration.[4] Widespread notoriety got here after 1912, when Peter Ouwens, the director of the Zoological Museum at Bogor, Java, published a paper on the matter after receiving a photo and a skin from the lieutenant, in addition to two different specimens from a collector.[3]

The first two live Komodo dragons to arrive in Europe have been exhibited in the Reptile House at London Zoo when it opened in 1927.[5]Joan Beauchamp Procter made one of the earliest observations of those animals in captivity and she or he demonstrated their behaviour at a Scientific Meeting of the Zoological Society of London in 1928.[6]

The Komodo dragon used to be the riding issue for an expedition to Komodo Island by means of W. Douglas Burden in 1926. After returning with 12 preserved specimens and two are living ones, this expedition equipped the inspiration for the 1933 movie King Kong.[7] It was additionally Burden who coined the common identify "Komodo dragon."[8] Three of his specimens were filled and are nonetheless on show within the American Museum of Natural History.[9]

The Dutch island management, figuring out the limited choice of individuals within the wild, soon outlawed recreation searching and closely restricted the choice of folks taken for scientific learn about. Collecting expeditions ground to a halt with the prevalence of World War II, not resuming till the Nineteen Fifties and Sixties, when research examined the Komodo dragon's feeding behavior, replica, and frame temperature. At around this time, an expedition used to be planned during which a long-term find out about of the Komodo dragon can be undertaken. This process was given to the Auffenberg family, who stayed on Komodo Island for 11 months in 1969. During their keep, Walter Auffenberg and his assistant Putra Sastrawan captured and tagged more than 50 Komodo dragons.[10]

Research from the Auffenberg expedition proved to be vastly influential in raising Komodo dragons in captivity.[11] Research after that of the Auffenberg circle of relatives has shed extra mild on the nature of the Komodo dragon, with biologists comparable to Claudio Ciofi continuing to find out about the creatures.[12]

Etymology The Komodo dragon, as depicted on the 50 rupiah coin, issued via Indonesia

The Komodo dragon could also be now and again referred to as the Komodo monitor or the Komodo Island track in clinical literature,[13] although this name is uncommon. To the natives of Komodo Island, it is referred to as ora, buaya darat ('land crocodile'), or biawak raksasa ('giant monitor').[14][4]

Evolutionary history

The evolutionary building of the Komodo dragon started with the genus Varanus, which originated in Asia about 40 million years in the past and migrated to Australia, the place it evolved into large paperwork (the largest of all being the lately extinct Megalania), helped by way of the absence of competing placental carnivorans. Around 15 million years ago, a collision between the continental landmasses of Australia and Southeast Asia allowed these larger varanids to transfer again into what is now the Indonesian archipelago, extending their range as a long way east as the island of Timor.

The Komodo dragon is assumed to have differentiated from its Australian ancestors about 4 million years ago. However, fresh fossil evidence from Queensland suggests the Komodo dragon in truth evolved in Australia, ahead of spreading to Indonesia.[1][15]

Dramatic decreasing of sea stage all over the closing glacial period uncovered extensive stretches of continental shelf that the Komodo dragon colonised, becoming isolated of their provide island vary as sea ranges rose afterwards.[1][4] Fossils of extinct Pliocene species of identical length to the fashionable Komodo dragon, reminiscent of Varanus sivalensis, have been present in Eurasia as smartly, indicating that they fared well even in environments containing festival, corresponding to mammalian carnivores, until the local weather change and extinction events that marked the start of the Pleistocene.[16]

Genetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA shows the Komodo dragon to be the nearest relative (sister taxon) of the lace observe (V. varius), with their commonplace ancestor diverging from a lineage that gave upward thrust to the crocodile observe (Varanus salvadorii) of New Guinea.[17][18][19]

A 2021 learn about had proven that during the Miocene, Komodo dragons had hybridized with the ancestors of the Australian sand observe (V. gouldii), thus providing additional proof that the Komodo dragon had once inhabited Australia.[20][21][22]

Description

Specimen in profile

In the wild, grownup Komodo dragons most often weigh round 70 kg (150 lb), despite the fact that captive specimens continuously weigh more.[23] According to Guinness World Records, a mean grownup male will weigh 79 to 91 kg (174 to 201 lb) and measure 2.59 m (8.5 feet), whilst a median feminine will weigh 68 to 73 kg (150 to 161 lb) and measure 2.29 m (7.5 ft).[24] The largest verified wild specimen was once 3.13 m (10.3 toes) long and weighed 166 kg (366 lb), including its undigested food.[4]

Closeup of the surface

The Komodo dragon has a tail as long as its body, in addition to about 60 regularly replaced, serrated enamel that can measure up to 2.5 cm (1 in) in period. Its saliva is continuously blood-tinged because its teeth are nearly totally coated by gingival tissue this is naturally lacerated right through feeding.[25] Like all monitors, it additionally has a protracted, yellow, deeply forked tongue.[4] Komodo dragon pores and skin is reinforced by way of armoured scales, which include tiny bones called osteoderms that function as a form of natural chain-mail.[26][27] The most effective areas lacking osteoderms on the head of the adult Komodo dragon are around the eyes, nostrils, mouth margins, and pineal eye, a light-sensing organ at the best of the top. Where lizards typically have one or two various patterns or shapes of osteoderms, komodo's have 4: rosette, platy, dendritic, and vermiform.[28] This rugged hide makes Komodo dragon pores and skin a poor source of leather-based. Additionally, those osteoderms change into extra in depth and variable in form as the Komodo dragon ages, ossifying extra extensively because the lizard grows. These osteoderms are absent in hatchlings and juveniles, indicating that the natural armor develops as a made of age and festival between adults for protection in intraspecific struggle over food and buddies.[29]

Senses ">Play media Komodo dragon using its tongue to sample the air

As with other varanids, Komodo dragons have only a unmarried ear bone, the stapes, for moving vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea. This arrangement method they're most likely limited to sounds within the 400 to 2,000 hertz range, compared to people who listen between 20 and 20,000 hertz.[4][30] They have been formerly concept to be deaf when a learn about reported no agitation in wild Komodo dragons in response to whispers, raised voices, or shouts. This was disputed when London Zoological Garden employee Joan Procter trained a captive specimen to pop out to feed at the sound of her voice, even when she may now not be seen.[31]

The Komodo dragon can see gadgets as a ways away as 300 m (980 toes), but because its retinas simplest include cones, it's concept to have poor evening vision. It can distinguish colors, however has deficient visual discrimination of desk bound items.[32]

As with many different reptiles, the Komodo dragon primarily will depend on its tongue to hit upon, style, and odor stimuli, with the vomeronasal sense using the Jacobson's organ, quite than the usage of the nostrils.[33] With the assistance of a favorable wind and its habit of swinging its head from facet to aspect as it walks, a Komodo dragon may be in a position to come across carrion from 4–9.5 km (2.5–5.9 mi) away.[32] It simplest has a few style buds at the back of its throat.[33] Its scales, some of which can be bolstered with bone, have sensory plaques connected to nerves to facilitate its sense of touch. The scales across the ears, lips, chin, and soles of the toes could have three or extra sensory plaques.[25]

Behaviour and ecology

Male komodo dragons fighting

The Komodo dragon prefers hot and dry puts and usually lives in dry, open grassland, savanna, and tropical forest at low elevations. As an ectotherm, it is maximum energetic within the day, despite the fact that it exhibits some nocturnal activity. Komodo dragons are solitary, coming in combination best to breed and consume. They are able to running hastily briefly sprints up to 20 km/h (12 mph), diving up to 4.5 m (15 feet), and climbing trees proficiently when young thru use in their sturdy claws.[23] To catch out-of-reach prey, the Komodo dragon might stand on its hind legs and use its tail as a make stronger.[31] As it matures, its claws are used primarily as weapons, as its great length makes hiking impractical.[25]

For safe haven, the Komodo dragon digs holes that may measure from 1 to 3 m (3.3 to 9.8 feet) vast with its tough forelimbs and claws.[34] Because of its massive length and dependancy of sound asleep in those burrows, it's ready to preserve body warmth all through the evening and minimise its basking period the morning after.[35] The Komodo dragon hunts in the afternoon, but remains in the color all over the most up to date a part of the day.[8] These particular resting places, in most cases situated on ridges with cool sea breezes, are marked with droppings and are cleared of crops. They serve as strategic locations from which to ambush deer.[36]

Diet Komodo dragon on Rinca feeding on a water buffalo corpse

As a consequence of their size, Komodo dragons dominate the ecosystems during which they reside.[37] They are carnivores, despite the fact that they've been considered as consuming mostly carrion,[38] they'll often ambush are living prey with a stealthy way. When appropriate prey arrives close to a dragon's ambush web site, it is going to unexpectedly fee on the animal at top speeds and go for the underside or the throat.[25]

Komodo dragons don't intentionally permit the prey to escape with deadly injuries however take a look at to kill prey outright the usage of a mixture of lacerating damage and blood loss. They had been recorded as killing wild pigs inside of seconds,[39] and observations of Komodo dragons monitoring prey for lengthy distances are most probably misinterpreted circumstances of prey escaping an assault ahead of succumbing to infection.[40] Komodo dragons have been noticed pulling down massive pigs and deer with their robust tails.[41][39] They are in a position to locate carcasses the use of their keen sense of odor, which is able to locate a lifeless or demise animal from a spread of up to 9.5 km (5.9 mi).

Komodo dragons devour via tearing large chunks of flesh and swallowing them entire while keeping the carcass down with their forelegs. For smaller prey up to the size of a goat, their loosely articulated jaws, versatile skulls, and expandable stomachs allow them to swallow prey complete. The undigested vegetable contents of a prey animal's stomach and intestines are usually have shyed away from.[36] Copious amounts of red saliva the Komodo dragons produce assist to lubricate the food, but swallowing is still an extended procedure (15–20 mins to swallow a goat). A Komodo dragon may strive to accelerate the method by ramming the carcass in opposition to a tree to force it down its throat, sometimes ramming so forcefully that the tree is knocked down.[36] A small tube underneath the tongue that connects to the lungs permits it to breathe while swallowing.[25]

After eating up to 80% of its frame weight in one meal,[37] it drags itself to a sunny location to pace digestion, as the food may just rot and poison the dragon if left undigested in its stomach for too lengthy. Because in their gradual metabolism, huge dragons can live on on as few as 12 meals a year.[25] After digestion, the Komodo dragon regurgitates a mass of horns, hair, and tooth referred to as the gastric pellet, which is roofed in malodorous mucus. After regurgitating the gastric pellet, it rubs its face in the grime or on timber to eliminate the mucus, suggesting it does not relish the smell of its own excretions.[25]

Komodo excrement has a gloomy portion, which is stool, and a whitish portion, which is urate, the nitrogenous end-product of their digestion process

The consuming behavior of Komodo dragons apply a hierarchy, with the bigger animals normally consuming earlier than the smaller ones. The greatest male most often asserts his dominance and the smaller men display their submission through use of frame language and rumbling hisses. Dragons of equivalent size might hotel to "wrestling." Losers most often retreat, despite the fact that they have been recognized to be killed and eaten by means of victors.[42][43]

The Komodo dragon's vitamin is wide-ranging, and comprises invertebrates, different reptiles (including smaller Komodo dragons), birds, fowl eggs, small mammals, monkeys, wild boar, goats, deer, horses, and water buffalo.[44] Young Komodos will eat insects, eggs, geckos, and small mammals, while adults prefer to hunt massive mammals.[38] Occasionally, they attack and chew humans. Sometimes they consume human corpses, digging up bodies from shallow graves.[31] This addiction of raiding graves caused the villagers of Komodo to transfer their graves from sandy to clay ground, and pile rocks on best of them, to deter the lizards.[36] The Komodo dragon could have advanced to feed at the extinct dwarf elephant Stegodon that when lived on Flores, according to evolutionary biologist Jared Diamond.[45]

The Komodo dragon drinks by means of sucking water into its mouth by means of buccal pumping (a process extensively utilized for breathing), lifting its head, and letting the water run down its throat.[39]

Saliva

Although previous research proposed that Komodo dragon saliva contains quite a few highly septic micro organism that may assist to convey down prey,[42][46] analysis in 2013 instructed that the micro organism in the mouths of Komodo dragons are strange and identical to the ones present in other carnivores. Komodo dragons have just right mouth hygiene. To quote Bryan Fry: "After they are done feeding, they will spend 10 to 15 minutes lip-licking and rubbing their head in the leaves to clean their mouth ... Unlike people have been led to believe, they do not have chunks of rotting flesh from their meals on their teeth, cultivating bacteria." Nor do Komodo dragons look forward to prey to die and track it at a distance, as vipers do; observations of them searching deer, boar and in some cases buffalo disclose that they kill prey in less than part an hour.[40][47]

The statement of prey death of sepsis would then be explained through the herbal intuition of water buffalos, who aren't native to the islands where the Komodo dragon lives, to run into water after escaping an attack. The warm, faeces-filled water would then cause the infections.[40] The find out about used samples from 16 captive dragons (10 adults and six neonates) from three US zoos.[48]

Antibacterial immune factor

Researchers have isolated a powerful antibacterial peptide from the blood plasma of Komodo dragons, VK25. Based on their research of this peptide, they have got synthesized a short peptide dubbed DRGN-1 and examined it in opposition to multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. Preliminary results of those tests show that DRGN-1 is valuable in killing drug-resistant bacterial strains or even some fungi. It has the added noticed good thing about considerably selling wound healing in each uninfected and blended biofilm infected wounds.[49]

Venom Komodo dragon stalking a Timor deer

In overdue 2005, researchers at the University of Melbourne speculated the perentie (Varanus giganteus), different species of displays, and agamids is also somewhat venomous. The group believes the quick effects of bites from these lizards had been caused through delicate envenomation. Bites on human digits by means of a lace monitor (V. varius), a Komodo dragon, and a spotted tree monitor (V. scalaris) all produced an identical effects: rapid swelling, localised disruption of blood clotting, and capturing ache up to the elbow, with some signs lasting for several hours.[50]

In 2009, the similar researchers printed further proof demonstrating Komodo dragons possess a venomous chunk. MRI scans of a preserved cranium showed the presence of 2 glands within the decrease jaw. The researchers extracted any such glands from the top of a terminally sick dragon within the Singapore Zoological Gardens, and found it secreted several different poisonous proteins. The recognized purposes of those proteins come with inhibition of blood clotting, reducing of blood drive, muscle paralysis, and the induction of hypothermia, main to shock and lack of consciousness in envenomated prey.[51][52] As a result of the invention, the previous principle that bacteria were accountable for the deaths of Komodo victims used to be disputed.[53]

Other scientists have said that this allegation of venom glands "has had the effect of underestimating the variety of complex roles played by oral secretions in the biology of reptiles, produced a very narrow view of oral secretions and resulted in misinterpretation of reptilian evolution." According to these scientists "reptilian oral secretions contribute to many biological roles other than to quickly dispatch prey." These researchers concluded that, "Calling all in this clade venomous implies an overall potential danger that does not exist, misleads in the assessment of medical risks, and confuses the biological assessment of squamate biochemical systems."[54] Evolutionary biologist Schwenk says that even if the lizards have venom-like proteins of their mouths they could also be the use of them for a distinct serve as, and he doubts venom is necessary to explain the impact of a Komodo dragon chew, arguing that shock and blood loss are the principle elements.[55][56]

Reproduction Komodo dragons mating

Mating occurs between May and August, with the eggs laid in September.[4][57] During this era, men struggle over ladies and territory by grappling with one another upon their hind legs, with the loser ultimately being pinned to the bottom. These males would possibly vomit or defecate when getting ready for the combat.[31] The winner of the combat will then flick his lengthy tongue on the female to gain information about her receptivity.[37] Females are antagonistic and face up to with their claws and tooth all through the early stages of courtship. Therefore, the male must fully restrain the female during coitus to avoid being harm. Other courtship displays include men rubbing their chins at the feminine, exhausting scratches to the back, and licking.[58] Copulation happens when the male inserts one of his hemipenes into the female's cloaca.[32] Komodo dragons may be monogamous and shape "pair bonds," a rare behavior for lizards.[31]

Female Komodos lay their eggs from August to September and might use various kinds of locality; in a single learn about, 60% laid their eggs in the nests of orange-footed scrubfowl (a moundbuilder or megapode), 20% on ground degree and 20% in hilly areas.[59] The women folk make many camouflage nests/holes to save you other dragons from eating the eggs.[60] Clutches include a mean of 20 eggs, that have an incubation period of seven–8 months.[31] Hatching is an exhausting effort for the neonates, which escape in their eggshells with an egg enamel that falls off earlier than lengthy. After chopping themselves out, the hatchlings might lie in their eggshells for hours prior to beginning to dig out of the nest. They are born fairly defenseless and are susceptible to predation.[42] Sixteen children from a unmarried nest had been on average 46.5 cm lengthy and weighed 105.1 grams.[59]

Young Komodo dragons spend much of their first few years in trees, where they are rather safe from predators, including cannibalistic adults, as juvenile dragons make up 10% of their diets.[31] The addiction of cannibalism could also be high quality in sustaining the huge length of adults, as medium-sized prey at the islands is unusual.[41] When the younger method a kill, they roll round in faecal matter and relaxation within the intestines of eviscerated animals to deter those hungry adults.[31] Komodo dragons take approximately 8 to Nine years to mature, and might reside for up to 30 years.[57]

Parthenogenesis Main article: Parthenogenesis Parthenogenetic child Komodo dragon, Chester Zoo, England

A Komodo dragon at London Zoo named Sungai laid a clutch of eggs in past due 2005 after being separated from a male company for more than two years. Scientists to start with assumed she have been able to store sperm from her previous stumble upon with a male, an adaptation referred to as superfecundation.[61] On 20 December 2006, it used to be reported that Flora, a captive Komodo dragon living within the Chester Zoo in England, used to be the second one identified Komodo dragon to have laid unfertilised eggs: she laid 11 eggs, and 7 of them hatched, they all male.[62] Scientists at Liverpool University in England performed genetic assessments on 3 eggs that collapsed after being moved to an incubator, and verified Flora had by no means been in physical contact with a male dragon. After Flora's eggs' situation have been discovered, checking out showed Sungai's eggs were additionally produced with out out of doors fertilization.[63] On 31 January 2008, the Sedgwick County Zoo in Wichita, Kansas, became the primary zoo within the Americas to file parthenogenesis in Komodo dragons. The zoo has two adult feminine Komodo dragons, one in every of which laid about 17 eggs on 19–20 May 2007. Only two eggs had been incubated and hatched due to area issues; the primary hatched on 31 January 2008, whilst the second hatched on 1 February. Both hatchlings have been males.[64][65]

Komodo dragons have the ZW chromosomal sex-determination gadget, as hostile to the mammalian XY device. Male progeny turn out Flora's unfertilized eggs had been haploid (n) and doubled their chromosomes later to develop into diploid (2n) (by being fertilized by way of a polar frame, or by means of chromosome duplication with out cell division), rather than by her laying diploid eggs via one of the most meiosis reduction-divisions in her ovaries failing. When a female Komodo dragon (with ZW sex chromosomes) reproduces on this way, she provides her progeny with only one chromosome from each and every of her pairs of chromosomes, together with best one in all her two sex chromosomes. This unmarried set of chromosomes is duplicated within the egg, which develops parthenogenetically. Eggs receiving a Z chromosome become ZZ (male); those receiving a W chromosome transform WW and fail to broaden,[66][67] that means that only men are produced via parthenogenesis on this species.

It has been hypothesised that this reproductive adaptation lets in a single feminine to enter an remoted ecological area of interest (corresponding to an island) and via parthenogenesis produce male offspring, thereby setting up a sexually reproducing population (by way of copy together with her offspring that may end up in both female and male younger).[66] Despite some great benefits of such an adaptation, zoos are cautioned that parthenogenesis may be negative to genetic range.[68]

Incidents with people

Humans handling a komodo dragon

Attacks on humans are uncommon, but Komodo dragons had been chargeable for several human fatalities, in both the wild and in captivity. According to information from Komodo National Park spanning a 38-year length between 1974 and 2012, there were 24 reported attacks on people, 5 of them fatal. Most of the victims have been local villagers residing across the national park.[69] Reports of attacks come with:[70]

1974: A visiting Swiss vacationer, Baron Rudolf von Reding von Biberegg, who disappeared on Komodo Island, can have been killed and eaten by Komodo dragons.[71] 2001: A Komodo dragon attacked Phil Bronstein, an investigative journalist and previous husband of actress Sharon Stone, in the Los Angeles Zoo.[70] 2007: A Komodo dragon killed an 8-year-old boy on Komodo Island.[70] 2008: A bunch of five scuba divers were stranded at the seashore of Rinca Island, and were attacked by Komodo dragons. After two days, the divers' ordeal ended when they have been picked up via an Indonesian rescue boat.[70] 2009: Muhamad Anwar, a 31-year-old Komodo Island native, used to be killed through two dragons after he fell from a tree when he was once picking sugar apples.[70] 2009: Maen, a countrywide park information stationed on Rinca Island, used to be ambushed and bitten via a Komodo dragon which had walked into his place of business and lay beneath his table. Despite suffering some injuries, the guide survived.[70] May 2017: Lon Lee Alle, a 50-year-old Singaporean vacationer (or Loh Lee Aik, stated to be 68), used to be attacked via a Komodo dragon on Komodo Island.[72] The victim survived the attack, however his left leg was critically injured.[73] November 2017: Yosef Paska, an area development worker, used to be attacked on Rinca Island and taken to Labuan Bajo by speedboat for treatment.[74]

Conservation

Komodo dragons on Rinca

The Komodo dragon is classed through the IUCN as a susceptible species and is indexed on the IUCN Red List.[2] The species' sensitivity to herbal and man-made threats has lengthy been recognized by means of conservationists, zoological societies, and the Indonesian government. Komodo National Park was based in 1980 to give protection to Komodo dragon populations on islands together with Komodo, Rinca, and Padar.[75] Later, the Wae Wuul and Wolo Tado Reserves were opened on Flores to support Komodo dragon conservation.[12]

Komodo dragons in most cases avoid encounters with humans. Juveniles are very shy and will flee temporarily into a hideout if a human comes closer than about 100 metres (330 feet). Older animals will even retreat from people from a shorter distance away. If cornered, they may react aggressively through gaping their mouth, hissing, and swinging their tail. If they are disturbed further, they are going to assault and bite. Although there are anecdotes of unprovoked Komodo dragons attacking or preying on people, these kinds of experiences are either not reputable or have therefore been interpreted as defensive bites. Only very few instances are truly the result of unprovoked attacks by means of abnormal people who misplaced their worry of humans.[42]

Volcanic activity, earthquakes, loss of habitat, fireplace,[25][12] tourism, loss of prey due to poaching, and unlawful poaching of the dragons themselves have all contributed to the vulnerable standing of the Komodo dragon. Under Appendix I of CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species), industrial trade of Komodo dragon skins or specimens is illegal.[76][77] Despite this, there are occasional reviews of unlawful makes an attempt to industry in are living Komodo dragons. The most recent try was once in March 2019, when Indonesian police within the East Java town of Surabaya reported that a legal community have been stuck making an attempt to smuggle 41 younger Komodo dragons out of Indonesia. The plan was stated to include delivery the animals to a number of different nations in Southeast Asia via Singapore. It was once hoped that the animals could be offered for up to 500 million rupiah (round US,000) every.[78] It was once believed that the Komodo dragons had been smuggled out of East Nusa Tenggara province in the course of the port at Ende in central Flores.[79]

In 2013, the full inhabitants of Komodo dragons in the wild used to be assessed as 3,222 people, declining to 3,092 in 2014 and 3,014 in 2015. Populations remained relatively stable on the bigger islands (Komodo and Rinca), but lowered on smaller islands, equivalent to Nusa Kode and Gili Motang, most probably due to diminishing prey availability.[80] On Padar, a former population of Komodo dragons has just lately change into extinct, of which the final individuals have been noticed in 1975.[81] It is extensively assumed that the Komodo dragon died out on Padar following a significant decline of populations of huge ungulate prey, for which poaching was most likely accountable.[82]

In captivity ">Play media Komodo dragon in San Diego Zoo (video clip)

Komodo dragons have long been sought-after zoo points of interest, where their size and recognition lead them to common exhibits. They are, however, uncommon in zoos as a result of they're vulnerable to infection and parasitic illness if captured from the wild, and don't readily reproduce in captivity.[14] The first Komodo dragons had been displayed at London Zoo in 1927. A Komodo dragon was once exhibited in 1934 within the United States on the National Zoo in Washington, D.C., but it lived for only two years. More makes an attempt to exhibit Komodo dragons had been made, however the lifespan of the animals proved very short, averaging five years within the National Zoological Park. Studies have been done by Walter Auffenberg, which have been documented in his e-book The Behavioral Ecology of the Komodo Monitor, in the end allowed for more successful control and breeding of the dragons in captivity.[11] As of May 2009, there have been 35 North American, 13 European, one Singaporean, two African, and two Australian institutions which housed captive Komodo dragons.[83]

A number of behaviors had been seen from captive specimens. Most people transform fairly tame inside of a short while,[84][85] and are in a position to recognising person people and discriminating between familiar and unfamiliar keepers.[86] Komodo dragons have additionally been noticed to engage in play with a variety of gadgets, together with shovels, cans, plastic rings, and sneakers. This conduct does no longer appear to be "food-motivated predatory behavior."[37][4][87]

Even reputedly docile dragons may develop into unpredictably competitive, particularly when the animal's territory is invaded via somebody unfamiliar. In June 2001, a Komodo dragon significantly injured Phil Bronstein, the then-husband of actress Sharon Stone, when he entered its enclosure on the Los Angeles Zoo after being invited in via its keeper. Bronstein was bitten on his bare foot, because the keeper had advised him to take off his white shoes and socks, which the keeper said may potentially excite the Komodo dragon as they were the same color because the white rats the zoo fed the dragon.[88][89] Although he survived, Bronstein wanted to have several tendons in his foot reattached surgically.[90]

See additionally

Asian water monitor Komodo Indonesian Fauna Museum and Reptile Park Papua track (Varanus salvadorii), a track lizard incessantly asserted to be the longest extant lizard Toxicofera, a hypothetical clade encompassing all venomous reptiles, together with the Komodo dragon Varanus priscus (formerly referred to as Megalania prisca), an enormous extinct varanid lizard of Pleistocene Australia

References

^ a b c .mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .quotation qquotes:"\"""\"""'""'".mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em heart/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:linear-gradient(clear,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em heart/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:linear-gradient(clear,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")correct 0.1em middle/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolour:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:lend a hand.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:linear-gradient(clear,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolour:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintshow:none;colour:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflinkfont-weight:inheritHocknull SA, Piper PJ, van den Bergh GD, Due RA, Morwood MJ, Kurniawan I (2009). "Dragon's Paradise Lost: Palaeobiogeography, Evolution and Extinction of the Largest-Ever Terrestrial Lizards (Varanidae)". PLOS ONE. 4 (9): e7241. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7241H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007241. PMC 2748693. PMID 19789642. ^ a b World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Varanus komodoensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T22884A9396736. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T22884A9396736.en. ^ a b Ouwens, P. A. (1912). "On a large Varanus species from the island of Komodo". Bulletin de l'Institut Botanique de Buitenzorg. 2. 6: 1–3. Retrieved 6 March 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h Ciofi, Claudio (March 1999). "The Komodo Dragon". Scientific American. 280 (3): 84–91. Bibcode:1999SciAm.280c..84C. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0399-84. ^ Chalmers Mitchell, Peter (15 June 1927). "Reptiles at the Zoo: Opening of new house today". The London Times. London, UK. p. 17. ^ Procter, J. B. (1928). "On a living Komodo dragon Varanus komodoensis Ouwens, exhibited at the Scientific Meeting, October 23rd, 1928". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 98 (4): 1017–19. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1928.tb07181.x. ^ Rony, Fatimah Tobing (1996). The 3rd eye: Race, cinema, and ethnographic spectacle. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-8223-1840-8. ^ a b "Komodo National Park Frequently Asked Questions". Komodo Foundation. Retrieved 25 October 2007. ^ "American Museum of Natural History: Komodo Dragons". American Museum of Natural History. Archived from the unique on 23 November 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2007. ^ Cheater, Mark (August–September 2003). "Chasing the Magic Dragon". National Wildlife Magazine. 41 (5). Archived from the unique on 20 February 2009. ^ a b Walsh, Trooper; Murphy, James Jerome; Ciofi, Claudio; De LA Panouse, Colomba (2002). Komodo Dragons: Biology and Conservation. Zoo and Aquarium Biology and Conservation Series. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books. ISBN 978-1-58834-073-3. ^ a b c "Trapping Komodo Dragons for Conservation". National Geographic. Retrieved 8 November 2007. ^ "Varanus komodoensis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 19 June 2007. ^ a b "Ora (Komodo Island Monitor or Komodo Dragon)". American Museum of Natural History. Archived from the unique on 7 March 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2007. ^ "Australia was 'hothouse' for killer lizards". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2009. ^ Hocknull, S.A.; Piper, P.J.; van den Bergh, G.D.; Due, R.A.; Morwood, M.J.; Kurniawan, I. (2009). "Dragon's paradise lost: palaeobiogeography, evolution and extinction of the largest-ever terrestrial lizards (Varanidae)". PLOS ONE. 4 (9): e7241. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7241H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007241. PMC 2748693. PMID 19789642. ^ Vidal, N.; Marin, J.; Sassi, J.; Battistuzzi, F.U.; Donnellan, S.; Fitch, A.J.; et al. (2012). "Molecular evidence for an Asian origin of monitor lizards followed by Tertiary dispersals to Africa and Australasia". Biology Letters. 8 (5): 853–855. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0460. PMC 3441001. PMID 22809723. ^ Fitch AJ, Goodman AE, Donnellan SC (2006). "A molecular phylogeny of the Australian monitor lizards (Squamata: Varanidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences". Australian Journal of Zoology. 54 (4): 253–269. doi:10.1071/ZO05038. ^ Ast, Jennifer C. (2001). "Mitochondrial DNA evidence and evolution in Varanoidea (Squamata)" (PDF). Cladistics. 17 (3): 211–226. doi:10.1006/clad.2001.0169. hdl:2027.42/72302.; Ast, J.C. "erratum". Cladistics. 18 (1): 125. doi:10.1006/clad.2002.0198. ^ Pavón-Vázquez, Carlos J.; Brennan, Ian G.; Keogh, J. Scott (2021). "A Comprehensive Approach to Detect Hybridization Sheds Light on the Evolution of Earth's Largest Lizards". Systematic Biology. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syaa102. PMID 33512509. ^ "Study reveals surprising history of world's largest lizard". phys.org. Retrieved 6 March 2021. ^ "Komodo dragons not only inhabited ancient Australia, but also mated with our sand monitors". Australian Geographic. 3 March 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021. ^ a b Burnie, David; Don E. Wilson (2001). Animal. New York: DK Publishing. pp. 417, 420. ISBN 978-0-7894-7764-4. ^ Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9. ^ a b c d e f g h Tara Darling (Illustrator) (1997). Komodo Dragon: On Location (Darling, Kathy. on Location.). Lothrop, Lee and Shepard Books. ISBN 978-0-688-13777-9. ^ Komodo Dragons Archived 27 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine . London Zoo ^ Komodo Dragon, Varanus komodoensis 1998. Physical Characteristics Archived 17 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine . San Diego Zoo Global Zoo (1998). ^ Hern, Daisy; ez (29 September 2019). "Here's Why Komodo Dragons are the Toughest Lizards on Earth". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 9 July 2020. ^ "Elaborate Komodo dragon armor defends against other dragons". ^ "Komodo Conundrum". BBC. Archived from the original on 16 November 2006. Retrieved 25 November 2007. ^ a b c d e f g h David Badger; photography through John Netherton (2002). Lizards: A Natural History of Some Uncommon Creatures, Extraordinary Chameleons, Iguanas, Geckos, and More. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press. pp. 32, 52, 78, 81, 84, 140–145, 151. ISBN 978-0-89658-520-1. ^ a b c "Komodo Dragon Fact Sheet". National Zoological Park. 25 April 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2007. ^ a b "Komodo Dragon". Singapore Zoological Gardens. Archived from the original on 14 February 2005. Retrieved 21 December 2006. ^ Cogger, Harold G.; Zweifel, Richard G., eds. (1998). Encyclopedia of Reptiles & Amphibians. Illustrations through David Kirshner. Boston: Academic Press. pp. 132, 157–58. ISBN 978-0-12-178560-4. ^ Eric R. Pianka; Laurie J. Vitt; with a foreword by means of Harry W. Greene (2003). Lizards: Windows to the Evolution of Diversity. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-520-23401-7.CS1 maint: more than one names: authors list (link) ^ a b c d Ballance, Alison; Morris, Rod (2003). South Sea Islands: A natural history. Hove: Firefly Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-55297-609-8. ^ a b c d Halliday, Tim; Adler, Kraig, eds. (2002). Firefly Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. Hove: Firefly Books. pp. 112–13, 144, 147, 168–69. ISBN 978-1-55297-613-5. ^ a b Mattison, Chris (1992) [1989]. Lizards of the World. New York: Facts on File. pp. 16, 57, 99, 175. ISBN 978-0-8160-5716-0. ^ a b c Auffenberg, Walter (1981). The Behavioral Ecology of the Komodo Monitor. Gainesville, Florida: University Presses of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-0621-5. ^ a b c Wilcox, Christie (25 June 2013). "Here Be Dragons: The Mythic Bite of the Komodo". Discover. Retrieved 12 February 2021. ^ a b Attenborough, David (2008). Life in Cold Blood. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13718-6. ^ a b c d Auffenberg, Walter (1981). The Behavioral Ecology of the Komodo Monitor. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-8130-0621-5. ^ Mader, Douglas R. (1996). Reptile Medicine and Surgery. WB Saunders Co. p. 16. ISBN 0721652085. ^ Vidal, John (12 June 2008). "The terrifying truth about Komodo dragons". parent.co.uk. London, UK. Retrieved 19 June 2008. ^ Diamond, Jared M. (1987). "Did Komodo dragons evolve to eat pygmy elephants?". Nature. 326 (6116): 832. Bibcode:1987Natur.326..832D. doi:10.1038/326832a0. S2CID 37203256. ^ Montgomery, JM; Gillespie, D; Sastrawan, P; Fredeking, TM; Stewart, GL (2002). "Aerobic salivary bacteria in wild and captive Komodo dragons" (PDF). Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 38 (3): 545–51. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-38.3.545. PMID 12238371. S2CID 9670009. Archived from the unique (PDF) on 14 December 2007. ^ Goldstein, Ellie J. C.; Tyrrell, Kerin L.; Citron, Diane M.; Cox, Cathleen R.; Recchio, Ian M.; Okimoto, Ben; Bryja, Judith; Fry, Bryan G. (June 2013). "Anaerobic and aerobic bacteriology of the saliva and gingiva from 16 captive Komodo dragons (Varanus komodoensis): new implications for the "micro organism as venom" model". Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 44 (2): 262–272. doi:10.1638/2012-0022R.1. ISSN 1042-7260. PMID 23805543. S2CID 9932073. ^ Goldstein, E.J.C.; Tyrrell, K.L.; Citron, D.M.; Cox, C.R.; Recchio, I.M.; Okimoto, B.; Bryja, J.; Fry, B.G. (2013). "Anaerobic and aerobic bacteriology of the saliva and gingiva from 16 captive Komodo dragons (Varanus Komodoensis): New implications for the "Bacteria as Venom" model" (PDF). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 44 (2): 262–72. doi:10.1638/2012-0022R.1. PMID 23805543. S2CID 9932073. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 September 2013. ^ Chung, Ezra M. C.; Dean, Scott N.; Propst, Crystal N.; Bishop, Barney M.; van Hoek, Monique L. (11 April 2017). "Komodo dragon-inspired synthetic peptide DRGN-1 promotes wound-healing of a mixed-biofilm infected wound". NPJ Biofilms and Microbiomes. 3 (1): 9. doi:10.1038/s41522-017-0017-2. ISSN 2055-5008. PMC 5445593. PMID 28649410. ^ Fry, BG; Vidal, N; Norman, JA; Vonk, FJ; Scheib, H; Ramjan, SF; Kuruppu, S; Fung, Okay; et al. (2006). "Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes" (PDF). Nature. 439 (7076): 584–588. Bibcode:2006Natur.439..584F. doi:10.1038/nature04328. PMID 16292255. S2CID 4386245. ^ Scientists uncover deadly secret of Komodo's bite, AFP, 19 May 2009 ^ Fry BG, Wroe S, Teeuwisse W, et al. (2009). "A central role for venom in predation by Varanus komodoensis (Komodo Dragon) and the extinct giant Varanus (Megalania) priscus". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (22): 8969–74. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.8969F. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810883106. PMC 2690028. PMID 19451641. ^ Staff. "Komodo dragons kill with venom, not bacteria, study says". CNN. 20 May 2009. Retrieved on 25 May 2009. ^ Weinstein, Scott A.; Smith, Tamara L.; Kardong, Kenneth V. (14 July 2009). "Reptile Venom Glands Form, Function, and Future". In Stephen P. Mackessy (ed.). Handbook of Venoms and Toxins of Reptiles. Taylor & Francis. pp. 76–84. ISBN 978-1-4200-0866-1. Retrieved 18 July 2013. ^ Zimmer, Carl (May 2009). "Venom Might Boost Dragons Bite". San Diego Tribune. Retrieved 26 September 2009. ^ Zimmer, Carl (18 May 2009). "Chemicals in Dragon's Glands Stir Venom Debate". New York Times. p. D2. Retrieved 23 March 2012. ^ a b Ciofi, Claudio (2004). Varanus komodoensis. Varanoid Lizards of the World. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 197–204. ISBN 978-0-253-34366-6. ^ "Komodo Dragon, Varanus komodoensis". San Diego Zoo. Archived from the original on 17 January 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2009. ^ a b Markus Makur (2015). "'Wotong' bird nests help Komodos survive: Study". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 11 March 2015. ^ Jessop, Tim S.; Sumner, Joanna; Rudiharto, Heru; Purwandana, Deni; Imansyah, M.Jeri; Phillips, John A. (2004). "Distribution, use and selection of nest type by Komodo dragons" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 117 (5): 463. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2003.08.005. Archived from the unique (PDF) on 9 December 2011. ^ Morales, Alex (20 December 2006). "Komodo Dragons, World's Largest Lizards, Have Virgin Births". Bloomberg Television. Archived from the unique on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 28 March 2008. ^ Notice through her cage in Chester Zoo in England ^ Henderson, Mark (21 December 2006). "Wise men testify to Dragon's virgin birth". The Times. London. Retrieved 26 November 2007. ^ "Recent News – Sedgwick County Zoo". Sedgwick County Zoo. Archived from the unique on 11 February 2008. Retrieved 12 February 2008. ^ "Komodo dragons hatch with no male involved". NBC News. 8 February 2008. Retrieved 12 February 2008. ^ a b "Virgin births for giant lizards". BBC News. 20 December 2006. Retrieved 13 March 2008. ^ "Strange but True: Komodo Dragons Show that "Virgin Births" Are Possible: Scientific American". Scientific American. Retrieved 24 March 2008. ^ Watts PC, Buley KR, Sanderson S, Boardman W, Ciofi C, Gibson R (December 2006). "Parthenogenesis in Komodo Dragons". Nature. 444 (7122): 1021–22. Bibcode:2006Natur.444.1021W. doi:10.1038/4441021a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 17183308. S2CID 4311088. ^ Fariz Fardianto (22 April 2014). "5 Kasus keganasan komodo liar menyerang manusia". Merdeka.com (in Indonesian). ^ a b c d e f Rachel Nuwer (24 January 2013). "The Most Infamous Komodo Dragon Attacks of the Past 10 Years An 8-year-old boy; a group of stranded divers; a celebrity's husband: Just a few of the recent victims of Komodo dragon attacks". smithsonian.com. ^ Patricia Banzer, '[1], Radio SFR 1, 18 April 2014. and Herbert Cerruti, '[2], NZZ Folio, June 2000. ^ Chew Hui Min, 'S'porean trourist bitten via Komodo dragon was making an attempt to snap photos', The Straits Times, 22 May 2017. ^ Markus Makur (3 May 2017). "Singaporean tourist bitten by Komodo dragon". The Jakarta Post. ^ Markus Makur, 'Worker rushed to health center after being bitten by way of komodo dragon', The Jakarta Post, 1 December 2017. ^ "The official website of Komodo National Park, Indonesia". Komodo National Park. Archived from the unique on 5 February 2007. Retrieved 2 February 2007. ^ "Zipcodezoo: Varanus komodoensis (Komodo Dragon, Komodo Island Monitor, Komodo Monitor)". BayScience Foundation, Inc. Archived from the original on 12 April 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2009. ^ "Appendices I, II and III". CITES. Archived from the unique on 11 March 2008. Retrieved 24 March 2008. ^ 'Police foil strive to export Komodo dragons for Rp 500 million apiece', The Jakarta Post, 28 March 2019. ^ Markus Makur, 'Lax safety at Florest ports lets in Komodo dragon smuggling', The Jakarta Post, 9 April 2019. ^ Markus Makur (5 March 2016). "Komodo population continues to decline at national park". ^ Lilley, R. P. H. (1995). "A feasibility study on the in-situ captive breeding of Komodo dragons (Varanus komodoensis) on Padar Island, Komodo National Park". MSC. Thesis: University of Kent, Canterbury, UK. ^ Jessop, T.S.; Forsyth, D.M.; Purwandana, D.; Imansyah, M.J.; Opat, D.S.; McDonald-Madden, E. (2005). Monitoring the ungulate prey of komodo dragons (Varanus komodoensis) using faecal counts (Report). Zoological Society of San Diego, USA, and the Komodo National Park Authority, Labuan Bajo, Flores, Indonesia. p. 26. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.172.2230. ^ "ISIS Abstracts". ISIS. Retrieved 4 January 2009. ^ Procter, J.B. (October 1928). "On a living Komodo Dragon Varanus komodoensis Ouwens, exhibited at the Scientific Meeting". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 98 (4): 1017–19. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1928.tb07181.x. ^ Lederer, G. (1931). "Erkennen wechselwarme Tiere ihren Pfleger?". Wochenschrift für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde. 28: 636–38. ^ Murphy, James B.; Walsh, Trooper (2006). "Dragons and Humans". Herpetological Review. 37 (3): 269–75. ^ "Such jokers, those Komodo dragons". Science News. 162 (1): 78. August 2002. doi:10.1002/scin.5591620516. ^ Cagle, Jess (23 June 2001). "Transcript: Sharon Stone vs. the Komodo Dragon". Time. Retrieved 20 March 2008. ^ Robinson, Phillip T. (2004). Life on the Zoo: Behind the Scenes with the Animal Doctors. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-231-13248-0. ^ Pence, Angelica (11 June 2001). "Editor stable after attack by Komodo dragon / Surgeons reattach foot tendons of Chronicle's Bronstein in L.A." San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 23 March 2008.

External hyperlinks

Media related to Varanus komodoensis (class) at Wikimedia Commons Data similar to Varanus komodoensis at WikispeciesvteVaranoidea Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: SquamataExtant speciesHelodermatidae Chiapan beaded lizard (H. alvarezi) Guatemalan beaded lizard (H. charlesbogerti) Rio Fuerte beaded lizard (H. exasperatum) Mexican beaded lizard (H. horridum) Gila monster (H. suspectum)Lanthanotus Earless observe lizard (L. borneensis)Varanus Asian water track (V. salvator) Black tree track (V. beccarii) Black-headed observe (V. tristis) Bengal track (V. bengalensis) Black-spotted ridge-tailed observe (V. baritji) Blue-tailed monitor (V. doreanus) Crocodile observe (V. salvadorii) Desert track (V. griseus) Dumeril's track (V. dumerilii) Emerald tree monitor (V. prasinus) Gray's observe (V. olivaceus) Kimberely rock monitor (V. glauerti) Komodo dragon (V. komodoensis) Lace track (V. varius) Mangrove track (V. indicus) Merten's water track (V. mertensi) Mitchell's water track (V. mitchelli) Nile monitor (V. niloticus) Peacock track (V. auffenbergi) Peach-throated monitor (V. jobiensis) Perentie (V. giganteus) Pygmy mulga track (V. gilleni) Quince observe (V. melinus) Rock track (V. albigularis) Pilbara track (V. bushi) Rennel Island monitor (V. juxtindicus) Rosenberg's monitor (V. rosenbergi) Roughneck observe (V. rudicollis) Short-tailed pygmy monitor (V. brevicauda) Spiny-tailed track (V. acanthurus) Turquoise observe (V. caerulivirens) Sand goanna (V. gouldii) Savannah observe (V. exanthematicus) Yellow monitor (V. flavescens) Yellow-spotted monitor (V. panoptes) Yemen observe (V. yemenensis)Related classes Monitor lizards Cretaceous lizards HelodermatidaeFossil taxa†Palaeovaranidae PalaeovaranusVaranidae Aiolosaurus Cherminotus Megalania Ovoo Saniwa Saniwides Varanus amnhophilisOthers Telmasaurus Palaeosaniwa vteIndonesia articlesHistory Timeline Hinduism-Buddhism era Spread of Islam VOC generation (1603–1800) Dutch East Indies (1800–1942) Japanese occupation (1942–45) National Revolution (1945–49) Liberal democracy era (1950–57) Guided Democracy (1957–65) Transitional length (1965–66) New Order (1966–98) Reformasi (since 1998)Geography Borders Cities Biosphere reserves Deforestation Earthquakes Environmental problems Geology Islands Lakes Mountains Provincial best possible points National parks Natural history Fauna Flora Regions Rivers VolcanoesPolitics Administrative divisions Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign family members Human rights Law enforcement Military National capital Pancasila People's Consultative Assembly Police Political parties President (List) Wawasan NusantaraEconomic system Agriculture Automotive Aviation Banks Energy History Science and technology Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Water provide and sanitationSociety Crime Prostitution Human traffickingCulture Architecture Rumah adat Candi Mosques Colonial Art Batik Ikat Wayang Cinema Cuisine Dance Heroes Legends Literature Martial arts Pencak silat Media Music Gamelan Properties Public vacations Sport Video gamingDemographics Education Ethnic teams Health Healthcare Homelessness Languages Nusantara Religion WomenSymbols Anthem Costume Emblem Faunal logos Flag Floral emblems Garuda Motto Personification SongsOutlineIndex Category Portal Gallery Atlas Taxon identifiers Wikidata: Q4504 Wikispecies: Varanus komodoensis ADW: Varanus_komodoensis ARKive: varanus-komodoensis BioLib: 59493 ECOS: 6201 EoL: 790179 EPPO: VARNKO GBIF: 2470854 iNaturalist: 39449 IRMNG: 11395309 ITIS: 202168 IUCN: 22884 NCBI: 61221 RD: komodoensis Species+: 7119 uBio: 208829 Authority keep watch over GND: 4444717-6 LCCN: sh88005390 MA: 2778664781

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komodo_dragon&oldid=1021996911"